Art and Function in a T-Shirt Essay Example for Free

Art and Function in a T-Shirt Essay Defining and evaluating artistic and aesthetic value has often been a problematic task. This is because aesthetic judgements are subjective and are influenced by prevailing cultural, economic, political, and social norms. Hence, the definition of art remains a contested domain between those who believe in â€Å"high art† and the advocates of artistic and cultural relativism. (Danto 35) The difficulty in ascribing aesthetic value to objects is evident in the fact that relativism, with its focus on the individual subjective experience, would render anything and everything as artforms since humans ultimately attach meanings to objects they possess. Changes in culture and socio-economic conditions also alter and influence the very standards by which the aesthetic value of art forms and other objects are judged. For instance, in judging a t-shirt with Bob Marley’s face printed on it on the front through the use of the silkscreen method, one easily dismisses it as a non-art when judged according to the traditional notions of fine art. This is because the t-shirt and the print on it do not express artistic creativity, which is a prerequisite for objects to be considered art forms. The t-shirt and the print, which can be replicated many times over by any one with knowledge on silk screen printing, do not possess relevant canonic properties of art such as unity, complexity, and intensity which could evoke intense human experiences and therefore, aesthetic appreciation (Goldman 185). The sight of the t-shirt does not stir up feelings of beauty nor does its fabric hold anything extraordinary for the senses. The print on the t-shirt does not convey a particular style to capture attention or cause pain or pleasure, at least not in the way that beholding Picasso’s paintings evoke wonder, mystery, and other psychological sentiments arising purely from the painter’s use of style, colors, and the imagination. Likewise, the t-shirt with the print on it was created not for the purpose of being admired as an art. As such, the t-shirt is not valuable in itself but gains value for its function to humans, contrary to traditional visual and other forms of art. Art forms are valued for their artistic worth or for their ability to command a definite blending of particular perceptual and sensory elements from the audience (Goldman 188). On the other hand, subjecting the t-shirt to evaluation based on the principles of aesthetic value leads to interesting results. The t-shirt with Bob Marley’s face printed on it clearly fulfills two aesthetic principles. First, the t-shirt becomes a medium for the image of Bob Marley, a cultural icon in reggae music and in the historical struggle of Jamaicans. In this case, the t-shirt with Bob Marley’s image transcends its status as an object worn by humans to cover themselves and becomes an expression of the values of reggae and Jamaican culture in a manner similar to cultural artifacts. Second, the t-shirt itself may be valued by an individual for the sentiments attached to the shirt. It could have been given as a gift for an occasion or has been worn to events associated with feelings of happiness which make the t-shirt valuable to the individual because of the memories of joyous times spent while wearing it. Thus, other people might consider the same t-shirt aesthetically valuable. Fenner observes that objects do not have intrinsic aesthetic value; rather it is the subjective experience of humans that create aesthetic value for objects, particularly the expectation of pleasure from an object (122). Those who appreciate and know Bob Marley may value his image on the t-shirt and subsequently feel pleasure or the elevation of other feelings associated with Bob Marley’s musical contribution and historical roots. As such, the t-shirt may be appreciated by people who share a cultural affinity with Jamaica or of the counterculture that Bob Marley represents. The value of Bob Marley’s silkscreened image extends to the t-shirt which carries it and reinforces the value of the shirt for its owner. The t-shirt, donned by the owner, can therefore be considered the medium for the expression of individuality and creativity of the wearer. Wearing Bob Marley may be a political or cultural statement for a particular culture, particularly as a representation of the struggle against apartheid or against conventional popular music and the culture it represents. Hence, the appreciation of Jamaican culture or reggae music becomes another definitive aspect of the aesthetic experience that may be separate from the experiences attached to the t-shirt as an object. Likewise, neither the fact that the t-shirt was not created for the sake of art nor its low economic worth prevents it from being categorized as an art form. Fenner notes that the presence of traditional aesthetic properties do not necessarily lead to an aesthetic experience or to the creation of an aesthetic value (121). Hence, the audience can view a pricey painting without feeling any connection with it which would make the painting worthless in terms of evoking a subjective experience of appreciation for creativity or imagination. On the other hand, the same audience may behold the image on a shirt and feel an instant connection, a feeling of intense emotions from memories or meanings attached to the object of attention. It is clear that the traditional definitions of art and the accompanying distinction and stratification between â€Å"high art† and â€Å"lowbrow art† has slowly been eroded with the rise of cultural relativism and postmodern theory. Doubtless, the rigid formality of art has come under attack even within various artists’ circles itself that ascribe to the fluidity and less structured styles of postmodern culture. Thus, even an ordinary t-shirt can now be considered an art form when, after critical analysis, it is able to fulfill the principles of aesthetic value. Works Cited: Fenner, David E.W. The Aesthetic Attitude. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1996. Goldman, Alan. â€Å"Beardsley’s Legacy: The Theory of Aesthetic Value.† The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 63.2 (2005): 185-190.

Faulkner Vs McCarthy Essay -- essays research papers

McCarthy vs Faulkner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though Cormac McCarthy’s All The Pretty Horses and William Faulkner’s The Unvanquished are completely different, their style and plot techniques share more similarities than differences. All The Pretty Horses and The Unvanquished both depict the importance of honor in a persons life, whether it be honor through vengeance, honoring family, or honoring the tradition of woman, these two novels teach that honor can create a stronger person.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vengeance plays an important role in both books. â€Å"At first Granny had not wanted to be dead either but now she had begun to be reconciled. We unwrapped it from the jagged square of stained faded gray cloth and fastened it to the board. ‘Now she can lay good and quiet,’ Ringo said.† (Page 184) Bayard and Ringo would be considered cowards and shunned from their plantation if they had not gone out to hunt down Grumby. Killing the murderer was the only type of justice served and accepted in society back then. John Grady Cole felt a great load of pressure on himself for Blevins’ death, and he knew it would be everlasting if he did not avenge Blevins’ death. John sets out with a passion to kill the captain and regain the horses, but realizes that the captain will have a tougher time staying alive and John let’s him go. This relieves the tension that Blevins’ death caused.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honor towards family plays one of the most important roles in The U...

Introduction to the microbial world history of microbiology Essay

Part A. This letter is in response to your story which was published in your website and broadcasted in your stations regarding Edward Jenner as the most prolific microbiologist that ever lived and have contributed much to the improvement of microbiology and public health. I would like to make a point that several other scientists have contributed much to that of the works of Jenner on eradicating small pox virus by vaccination. He may have started the use of vaccines which led to its eradication years later; however, it should not be mistaken to be the most significant microbiological contribution. Take an example the work of Joseph Lister on 1867 regarding antiseptics (Prescott et al., 2005). Like any other scientist during his time, works on antisepsis was not an overnight job; he worked carefully and tested his theories over and over again, until such time that he perfected it (Roediger, 1990). By thoughtfully thinking of what may cause pus formation in surgical wounds, he experimented with rags and phenol and used it as wound dressings. Sure enough, his patients did not develop gangrene after being dressed with carbolic acid or phenol treated rags. Later on, he improved on excluding bacteria from his operating suite by incorporation of clean environment as a prerequisite in aseptic surgery (Lister, 1909). See more: how to write an academic introduction In modern days, Lister’s work on antiseptic surgery had decreased much of the deaths caused by hospital-acquired infections brought about by practicing of good science (Pasteur and Lister, 1996). By applying his notion of the germ theory via his promotion of environmental cleanliness and sanitation, he inculcated the modern medical practitioners with standards of disease prevention that ultimately lead to reduction of major infections like tuberculosis (Osborn, 1986). Most notably, in his honor, Listerine ® was named after him. In recognition of his efforts, the British Medical Journal recently stated that â€Å"he saved more lives by the introduction of this system than all the wars of the 19th century together had sacrificed† (Nester et al., 2007). To conclude that Lister was more prolific than Jenner, the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine in Britain was changed to its current name, the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine (The Lister Institute). Another notable scientist is in the persona of Dr. John Snow. John Snow, in 1849 published his works entitled, â€Å"On the mode of communication of cholera.† In his research, Snow began to hypothesize that cholera was indeed transmitted by a common source, and sure enough he pin pointed it to a contaminated water pump in Broad Street (Thrusfield, 22007). Though highly criticized and much of his researches were dismissed, he never did falter in seeking out the truth. Despite of these obstacles, he never faltered to show the good qualities of an epidemiologist: good record keeper, determined, dedicated and highly skilled (Stanwell-Smith, 2002). A good record keeper, he was a very keen observer and he never did forgot to take into accounts this minute details that allowed him to solve the mystery of the cholera epidemic in London. Moreover, determined and dedicated to his work even though criticisms were all around him and yet a highly skilled scientist never did show attitudes that will hinder him from succeeding (Prescott et al., 2005). His works have led people to dub him as â€Å"the father of epidemiology.† Sure enough, epidemiology and public health cannot have gone a million step without the initiative of the medical doctor who was once criticized for hypothesizing something at that time which cannot be proven until later years where, the bacteria responsible for the disease was isolated. It may be another story of another scientist, but without Snow, nothing not even the prevention and determination of the occurrence of diseases can progress (Stanwell-Smith, 2002). Sure enough, Jenner may have helped in improving disease prevention by first creating the vaccine and subsequent studies leading to its development, it cannot be disclosed that Lister and Snow, did more achievements in the field of microbiology and public health per se. It may be fitting to say that Jenner may be a great microbiologist, it is only proper to also uphold and acknowledge other note taking efforts of these other microbiologists. Part B. In the summer of 1999, the first human case of West Nile Encephalitis in the western hemisphere was documented. By the end 0f 2002, the WNV epidemic have resulted to at least a total 4,156 human cases (with 2,943 meningoencephalitis case and 284 deaths), 16,741 dead birds, 6,604 infected mosquitoes and 14,571 equine cases. This epidemic was the largest recognized arboviral meningoencephalitis epidemic in the Western Hemisphere (CDC, 2003). The Virus Western equine encephalitis is a member of the Genus Flavivirus under the Family Flaviviridae (Tortora et al., 2007). The virions are spherical and around 50 nm in diameter. It is widely distributed throughout the Americas, especially after the onset of the epidemics in 2002. It is maintained in an endemic cycle involving domestic and passerine birds and Culex sp. serving as the vector host (Murphy et al., 1999 ).   WNV infection in humans produces either asymptomatic infection or mild febrile disease, sometimes accompanied by rash, which should be differentiated from dengue hemorrhagic fever. The human case-fatality rate in the U.S. has  been 7% overall with 10% of patients having neuroinvasive WNV disease (CDC, 2003). The Outbreak Although unknown how or when WNV was introduced into North America, international travel of infected people, importation of infected birds or mosquitoes or migration of infected birds are all possibilities and cannot be ruled out. Overwintering mosquitoes during the winter of 1999 to 2000 have been the mode wherein the virus has propagated throughout New York. It has then undergone several cycles of overwintering and by the end of 2002 has affected 44 states, including the District of Columbia. It has now been proven that the mosquito carry the virus and have traveled initially from New York to nearby states infecting other animals, most notably humans. (CDC, 2003). Control and Prevention Prevention and control of WNV encephalitis was accomplished effectively through a series of comprehensive efforts and programs including integrated pest management. It should be taken into consideration that the priority prevention for this type of disease is destruction of mosquito habitats which serve as the main vector. Likewise, sanitation and water management greatly reduced the total number of cases from that of 2002 to a tolerable one. (CDC, 2003)

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The Human Resource System For Employees - 1523 Words

INTRODUCTION As the new Human Resources Director of TWK, when I carefully looked through the human resource system, I get a strong sense that the lack of integration and cooperation is significantly affecting the whole organization. As the employees sometimes have different problems and sorts of dissatisfaction with each other, I am planning on holding collective activities focusing on training and development which can gather them up and make them feel more like a group. Secondly, the vagueness of individual obligation on the job occasionally cause blurry messages received by the employees that they may not have a defined job duty or tasks. For which I will design focused and clear job analysis and give regular performance appraisals†¦show more content†¦In our organization, our temp Shannon has described several conflicts that she felt with her coworkers. Those conflicts, from my perspective, are not even worth mentioning because they all emerged because of lack of communication an d understanding. However, trifles may lead to big problems that could cause the collapse of the entire office. VAGUENESS OF JOB OBLIGATION A clear definition of each and every one of the employees makes it much easier for them to understand what to do and what not to do. Shannon has continuously received tasks that were out of her extent of duties. Going out for dinner and drinking with the son of a boss and receiving after-hour work could really disappoint employees especially when they constantly get these â€Å"surprises†. Different jobs are designed and should be assigned for different people with their distinct talents and competent, but not for â€Å"anyone available†. Giving employees more clearness on their job will make them more efficient and determined on their tasks. HIGH TURNOVER AND INSECURENESS An organization with a high turnover rate faces a lot of risks. The process of firing and hiring takes unnecessary labor power and time and it is dangerous for employees to feel insecure especially in a small company like ours. As the Sarahs were fired, everyone in the office looks at them and sees them leaving, and the next thing they do is

Pesticides A Bee s Nemesis - 865 Words

Pesticides: A Bee’s Nemesis For many years, companies have been making pesticides for farmers to rid themselves from unwanted pests. However, they are also ridding themselves of the bees who are trying to help and protect the crops. Without having the bees pollinating the crops for the farmers, there is nothing for the vegetation to grow in a healthy process. Pesticides have actually been found by beekeepers and researchers, to be one of the causes for the decrease of bees. An entomologist from South Dakota becomes disregarded by his supervisors because they do not want that information getting out, Jonathan Lundgren, a USDA entomologist in Brookings, S.D., said â€Å"in civil service documents that while the agency did not stop publication of the research, supervisors harassed him, tried to stop him from speaking out, and interfered with new projects† (StarTribune). Because these pesticides that are being sold out to farmers, they are doing more harm to the bees than t hey are being beneficial to the crops. As scientists and beekeepers keep on looking into the situation that they are all facing, one conclusion is definite, pesticides do have a lethal effect on the bees. Some symptoms that would lead to a bee’s death would be the weakened immune system, disrupted digestion, and the result of the brain failing. In Science Magazine, an article was written about oh the European countries have been effected by the decrease of bees, â€Å"Confused honey bees huddled trembling outside

Russian Reform and Economics The Last Quarter of Essay Example For Students

Russian Reform and Economics: The Last Quarter of Essay the 20th CenturyOutlineThesis: As the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy wascrumbling beneath it. Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980s. The Russian people wanted economic security and freedom, while the government wastrying to obtain democracy. The previous management styles needed to be changed alongwith the way that most businesses in Russia operated. I. Reformation of USSRA. The change from communism to democracy. B. The change in government has had a great effect on the Russian people and workers. C. The reformation left the Russian economy upside down. II. Post-Reform economy versus Pre-Reform economy. A. There were many steps in the reformation of the economy. B. What are some of the effects of a reforming economy?C. There are many changes that are still needed in order for the Russian economy to grow. III. What will be the future of Russias Economy?Main BodyAs the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy wascrumbling beneath it. Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980s. The Russian people wanted economic security and freedom, while the government wastrying to obtain democracy. The previous management styles needed to be changed alongwith the way that most businesses in Russia operated. The Russian Federation consists of 17,075,400 square km, which is roughly 76.2percent of the former USSR, and covers about 12 percent of the earths land surface. TheRussian Federations population in 1991 was 147.3 million (Smith, A., 7). During the 1980s the Russian government started a reformation process calledperestroika, meaning restructuring (Aganbegyan, 1). Perestroika signifies qualitativechanges and transformation in the government and in the economy. The four stages ofperestroika are the Preliminary stage (March 1985-February 1986), the Stabilizing stage(March 1986 January 1987), the Expansive stage (January November 1987), and theRegrouping stage (November 1987 onwards) (Hill Dellenbrant, 140). The governmentalso identified two other processes. Glasnost, which means openness, supported thestrong economic reform (Aganbegyan, 1; Hill Dellenbrant, 54). The acceleration ofeconomic reform was called uskorenie (Aganbegyan, 1). Many changes took place during the years contained in each of the stages ofperestroika. This changes ranged from government policies and structure to industrialproduction procedures to economic policies. The major change came in 1991 with thebreakup of USSR. This freed the individual states and allowed them to becomeindependent countries. All of these new countries went through radical governmentchanges. Many of them, including Russia, chose to implement democracy. This changefrom a central military based structure into democracy effected all of the former sovietstates centralized economic departments. The assets were owned by the people and were distributed by the state during thecommunist reign in Russia. All of the resources were also distributed by the state for thebetterment of the people. The government ran all state budgeted enterprises. All of theprivate enterprises, that marketed consumer goods, were taxed by the government andwere also closely regulated. Before the democratic government, Russian workers received the same pay whetherthey worked hard or not, causing wages to be low and work conditions to be very poor. Russian workers would steal from the government in order to supplement their low wages. The Russian theory was that people were motivated by their collective interests. Thisproved to be very wrong. The actual growth for national income in 1987 was 1.6 percentless than what the government had predicted (Hill ; Dellenbrant, 106). With all of the changes going on in each of the stages of perestroika there was a lotof political, bureaucratic, managerial, and intellectual opposition to what the leaders wereestablishing. This goes to show that people will always resist change. Perestroika identified many problems with the existing government, economics, andliving conditions of the people. The lack of overall government regulations likeunemployment insurance, a decent taxation system, and a centralized market caused manyof the conditions. Another problem was the lack of legal infrastructure and protectedproperty rights. History of Swimming EssayMany private enterprises were allowed to produce consumer goods and consumerservices. The private enterprises were only allowed to hire workers if they were in thefamily. Most of the workers were required to use it as a second job to their existing statedirected job. The goods produced by these private enterprises were mostly hand madeitems. Most services included repair type services like home repair, car repair, appliancerepair, etc. The new private enterprises are looking to be very successful. Private farmshave become more productive than the state run collective farms. President Gorbachevaddressed the private enterprise managers Be your own bosses, run your own businesses,do your own investments, keep your profits, and make your plants efficient (Smith, H.,241). This gave independence and accountability to the industrial producers and otherprivate enterprises. Gorbachev also stated that the use of uskorenie on science andtechnology would help to boost the economy (Smith, H., 178). Many of the positive outcomes of the economic reformation have helped to justify theprocess to the people and the administrators. Gorbachev promised that unemploymentwould not be an outcome of the new economic reform, while consumers are now able tochoose imported or domestic goods in the newly created open economy. The Russiantelevision programs now covered more and are becoming more exciting. They are coveringinternational news, doing investigative type reports, and are even having phone-in programson controversial topics. All of the new implementations are bringing in new technology andmoney. Some of the problems to the economic reformation have been the side effects andopposition to the reform. Most of the opposition has come from the political, bureaucratic,managerial, and intellectual sides of the government and industrial producers. There hasbeen strong resistance to farm reform from several government leaders. One side effectof the reformation has been an unstable rouble, which has fluctuated from 70 roubles to$1.00 all the way to 230 roubles to $1.00 causing much chaos (Colton Legvold, 57). There has been a large number of negative trends in trade and production (Colton Legvold, 61). High inflation rates have resulted from fighting over control of the supply ofcredit and money amongst the former soviet states. Prices of consumer based products andservices have tripled and then doubled within a very short period of time (Colton Legvold,55). All of these problems has pushed the actual implementation dates the 1990s. What will it take for Russia to end the slumping economy while trying to achieve afree market and democracy? Some economists have predicted that in order for Russia tostabilize its economy and achieve capital equality of European countries that an estimated$1.7 trillion dollars or $1.2 trillion invested at 7 percent or $571 billion per year was needed(Smith, A., 218). Works CitedAganbegyan, Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika. Bloomington, IN: IndianaUP, 1988. Pg 1,6,17-18Colton, Timothy J. and Robert Legvold. After the Soviet Union: From Empire to Nations. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. Pg 51,54-57,59-62,64-65,70,74,78Hill, Ronald J. and Jan Ake Dellenbrant. Gorbachev and Perestroika: Towards a New Socialism. England: Edward Elgar, 1989. Pg 51,54-55,93-101,104-107,115,140-142,144Lawrence, Paul R. and Charalambos A. Vlachoutsicos. Behind the Factory Walls: Decision Making In Soviet and US Enterprises. Boston: Harvard Business SP,1990. Pg 3-4,11,39,43,45-47Smith, Alan. Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration. London:Routledge, 1993. Pg 1,7,177-178,187-188,191,199-200,204-206,218,221 Smith, Hedrick. The New Russians. New York: Random House, 1990. Pg 178,187,209,220,236-242