The Human Resource System For Employees - 1523 Words

INTRODUCTION As the new Human Resources Director of TWK, when I carefully looked through the human resource system, I get a strong sense that the lack of integration and cooperation is significantly affecting the whole organization. As the employees sometimes have different problems and sorts of dissatisfaction with each other, I am planning on holding collective activities focusing on training and development which can gather them up and make them feel more like a group. Secondly, the vagueness of individual obligation on the job occasionally cause blurry messages received by the employees that they may not have a defined job duty or tasks. For which I will design focused and clear job analysis and give regular performance appraisals†¦show more content†¦In our organization, our temp Shannon has described several conflicts that she felt with her coworkers. Those conflicts, from my perspective, are not even worth mentioning because they all emerged because of lack of communication an d understanding. However, trifles may lead to big problems that could cause the collapse of the entire office. VAGUENESS OF JOB OBLIGATION A clear definition of each and every one of the employees makes it much easier for them to understand what to do and what not to do. Shannon has continuously received tasks that were out of her extent of duties. Going out for dinner and drinking with the son of a boss and receiving after-hour work could really disappoint employees especially when they constantly get these â€Å"surprises†. Different jobs are designed and should be assigned for different people with their distinct talents and competent, but not for â€Å"anyone available†. Giving employees more clearness on their job will make them more efficient and determined on their tasks. HIGH TURNOVER AND INSECURENESS An organization with a high turnover rate faces a lot of risks. The process of firing and hiring takes unnecessary labor power and time and it is dangerous for employees to feel insecure especially in a small company like ours. As the Sarahs were fired, everyone in the office looks at them and sees them leaving, and the next thing they do is

Pesticides A Bee s Nemesis - 865 Words

Pesticides: A Bee’s Nemesis For many years, companies have been making pesticides for farmers to rid themselves from unwanted pests. However, they are also ridding themselves of the bees who are trying to help and protect the crops. Without having the bees pollinating the crops for the farmers, there is nothing for the vegetation to grow in a healthy process. Pesticides have actually been found by beekeepers and researchers, to be one of the causes for the decrease of bees. An entomologist from South Dakota becomes disregarded by his supervisors because they do not want that information getting out, Jonathan Lundgren, a USDA entomologist in Brookings, S.D., said â€Å"in civil service documents that while the agency did not stop publication of the research, supervisors harassed him, tried to stop him from speaking out, and interfered with new projects† (StarTribune). Because these pesticides that are being sold out to farmers, they are doing more harm to the bees than t hey are being beneficial to the crops. As scientists and beekeepers keep on looking into the situation that they are all facing, one conclusion is definite, pesticides do have a lethal effect on the bees. Some symptoms that would lead to a bee’s death would be the weakened immune system, disrupted digestion, and the result of the brain failing. In Science Magazine, an article was written about oh the European countries have been effected by the decrease of bees, â€Å"Confused honey bees huddled trembling outside

Russian Reform and Economics The Last Quarter of Essay Example For Students

Russian Reform and Economics: The Last Quarter of Essay the 20th CenturyOutlineThesis: As the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy wascrumbling beneath it. Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980s. The Russian people wanted economic security and freedom, while the government wastrying to obtain democracy. The previous management styles needed to be changed alongwith the way that most businesses in Russia operated. I. Reformation of USSRA. The change from communism to democracy. B. The change in government has had a great effect on the Russian people and workers. C. The reformation left the Russian economy upside down. II. Post-Reform economy versus Pre-Reform economy. A. There were many steps in the reformation of the economy. B. What are some of the effects of a reforming economy?C. There are many changes that are still needed in order for the Russian economy to grow. III. What will be the future of Russias Economy?Main BodyAs the reformation of the USSR was becoming a reality, Russias economy wascrumbling beneath it. Russia began its economic challenge of perestroika in the 1980s. The Russian people wanted economic security and freedom, while the government wastrying to obtain democracy. The previous management styles needed to be changed alongwith the way that most businesses in Russia operated. The Russian Federation consists of 17,075,400 square km, which is roughly 76.2percent of the former USSR, and covers about 12 percent of the earths land surface. TheRussian Federations population in 1991 was 147.3 million (Smith, A., 7). During the 1980s the Russian government started a reformation process calledperestroika, meaning restructuring (Aganbegyan, 1). Perestroika signifies qualitativechanges and transformation in the government and in the economy. The four stages ofperestroika are the Preliminary stage (March 1985-February 1986), the Stabilizing stage(March 1986 January 1987), the Expansive stage (January November 1987), and theRegrouping stage (November 1987 onwards) (Hill Dellenbrant, 140). The governmentalso identified two other processes. Glasnost, which means openness, supported thestrong economic reform (Aganbegyan, 1; Hill Dellenbrant, 54). The acceleration ofeconomic reform was called uskorenie (Aganbegyan, 1). Many changes took place during the years contained in each of the stages ofperestroika. This changes ranged from government policies and structure to industrialproduction procedures to economic policies. The major change came in 1991 with thebreakup of USSR. This freed the individual states and allowed them to becomeindependent countries. All of these new countries went through radical governmentchanges. Many of them, including Russia, chose to implement democracy. This changefrom a central military based structure into democracy effected all of the former sovietstates centralized economic departments. The assets were owned by the people and were distributed by the state during thecommunist reign in Russia. All of the resources were also distributed by the state for thebetterment of the people. The government ran all state budgeted enterprises. All of theprivate enterprises, that marketed consumer goods, were taxed by the government andwere also closely regulated. Before the democratic government, Russian workers received the same pay whetherthey worked hard or not, causing wages to be low and work conditions to be very poor. Russian workers would steal from the government in order to supplement their low wages. The Russian theory was that people were motivated by their collective interests. Thisproved to be very wrong. The actual growth for national income in 1987 was 1.6 percentless than what the government had predicted (Hill ; Dellenbrant, 106). With all of the changes going on in each of the stages of perestroika there was a lotof political, bureaucratic, managerial, and intellectual opposition to what the leaders wereestablishing. This goes to show that people will always resist change. Perestroika identified many problems with the existing government, economics, andliving conditions of the people. The lack of overall government regulations likeunemployment insurance, a decent taxation system, and a centralized market caused manyof the conditions. Another problem was the lack of legal infrastructure and protectedproperty rights. History of Swimming EssayMany private enterprises were allowed to produce consumer goods and consumerservices. The private enterprises were only allowed to hire workers if they were in thefamily. Most of the workers were required to use it as a second job to their existing statedirected job. The goods produced by these private enterprises were mostly hand madeitems. Most services included repair type services like home repair, car repair, appliancerepair, etc. The new private enterprises are looking to be very successful. Private farmshave become more productive than the state run collective farms. President Gorbachevaddressed the private enterprise managers Be your own bosses, run your own businesses,do your own investments, keep your profits, and make your plants efficient (Smith, H.,241). This gave independence and accountability to the industrial producers and otherprivate enterprises. Gorbachev also stated that the use of uskorenie on science andtechnology would help to boost the economy (Smith, H., 178). Many of the positive outcomes of the economic reformation have helped to justify theprocess to the people and the administrators. Gorbachev promised that unemploymentwould not be an outcome of the new economic reform, while consumers are now able tochoose imported or domestic goods in the newly created open economy. The Russiantelevision programs now covered more and are becoming more exciting. They are coveringinternational news, doing investigative type reports, and are even having phone-in programson controversial topics. All of the new implementations are bringing in new technology andmoney. Some of the problems to the economic reformation have been the side effects andopposition to the reform. Most of the opposition has come from the political, bureaucratic,managerial, and intellectual sides of the government and industrial producers. There hasbeen strong resistance to farm reform from several government leaders. One side effectof the reformation has been an unstable rouble, which has fluctuated from 70 roubles to$1.00 all the way to 230 roubles to $1.00 causing much chaos (Colton Legvold, 57). There has been a large number of negative trends in trade and production (Colton Legvold, 61). High inflation rates have resulted from fighting over control of the supply ofcredit and money amongst the former soviet states. Prices of consumer based products andservices have tripled and then doubled within a very short period of time (Colton Legvold,55). All of these problems has pushed the actual implementation dates the 1990s. What will it take for Russia to end the slumping economy while trying to achieve afree market and democracy? Some economists have predicted that in order for Russia tostabilize its economy and achieve capital equality of European countries that an estimated$1.7 trillion dollars or $1.2 trillion invested at 7 percent or $571 billion per year was needed(Smith, A., 218). Works CitedAganbegyan, Abel. The Economic Challenge of Perestroika. Bloomington, IN: IndianaUP, 1988. Pg 1,6,17-18Colton, Timothy J. and Robert Legvold. After the Soviet Union: From Empire to Nations. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. Pg 51,54-57,59-62,64-65,70,74,78Hill, Ronald J. and Jan Ake Dellenbrant. Gorbachev and Perestroika: Towards a New Socialism. England: Edward Elgar, 1989. Pg 51,54-55,93-101,104-107,115,140-142,144Lawrence, Paul R. and Charalambos A. Vlachoutsicos. Behind the Factory Walls: Decision Making In Soviet and US Enterprises. Boston: Harvard Business SP,1990. Pg 3-4,11,39,43,45-47Smith, Alan. Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration. London:Routledge, 1993. Pg 1,7,177-178,187-188,191,199-200,204-206,218,221 Smith, Hedrick. The New Russians. New York: Random House, 1990. Pg 178,187,209,220,236-242

Research hypotheses and questions free essay sample

It is hypothesized that first grade girls will show better reading comprehension than first grade boys. In Example 1, the author is predicting that he or she will find higher comprehension among girls than boys. To test it, a nonexperimental study would be appropriate because nothing in the hypothesis suggests that treatments will be given. A simple research hypothesis predicts a relationship between two variables. From your study of variables, it should be clear that the two variables in Example 1 are (1) gender and (2) reading comprehension. The hypothesis states that reading comprehension is related to gender. Example 2 is a hypothesis for an experimental study. Example 2 It is hypothesized that children who arc shown a video with mild violence will be more aggressive on the playground than those who are shown a similar video without the violence. In Example 2, the independent variable is violence (mild vs. none), and the dependent variable is aggressiveness on the playground. We will write a custom essay sample on Research hypotheses and questions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hypotheses in Examples 1 and 2 are examples of directional hypotheses. In a directional hypothesis, we predict which group will be higher or have more of something. Sometimes we have a nondirectional hypothesis. Consider Example 3. Example 3 It is hypothesized that the child-rearing practices of Tribe A are different from those of Tribe B. The author of Example 3 is saying that there will be a difference but does not predict the direction of the difference. This is perfectly acceptable when there is no basis for making an educated guess. Instead of a nondirectional hypothesis, we might state a research purpose. Example 4 shows a research purpose that corresponds to the nondirectional hypothesis in Example 3. Example 4 The purpose is to explore the differences in childrearing practices between Tribe A and Tribe B. A research question may also be substituted for a nondirectional hypothesis. Example 5 shows a research question that corresponds to the nondirectional hypothesis in Example 3. Example 5 The research question is â€Å"How do the childrearing practices in Tribe A and Tribe B differ? † When using a research question as the basis for research, we usually should be careful not to state it as a question that can be answered with a simple â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no,† as is done in Example 6. Example 6 The question is, â€Å"Do the child-rearing practices in Tribe A and Tribe B differ? † Example 6 merely asks â€Å"do they differ? † This is not a very interesting research question. Example 5 is superior because it asks â€Å"how do they differ? † The choice between a nondirectional hypothesis, a research purpose, and a research question, is purely a matter of personal taste— all are acceptable in the scientific community. Of course, when we are willing to predict the outcome of a study, we should state a directional hypothesis. If you’ve read research reports, you may have encountered references to another type of hypothesis—the null hypothesis. This is a statistical hypothesis, which will be explored next. EXERCISE 1. Which type of statement (hypothesis, purpose, or question) predicts the outcome of a study? 2. â€Å"It is hypothesized that college students who have firm career goals achieve higher GPAs than those who do not have firm career goals. † Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis? 3. Would an experimental or nonexperimental study be better for testing the hypothesis in question 2? 4. â€Å"It is hypothesized that children of immigrants and children of native born citizens will differ in their attitudes toward school. † Is this a directional or nondirectional hypothesis? 5. â€Å"The goal of this study is to examine college students’ attitudes toward religion. † Is this statement a hypothesis or purpose? 6. â€Å"Are children of alcoholics different in their social adjustment than children of non-alcoholics? † Is this research question stated appropriately? Why? Why not? 7. When we are willing to predict the outcome of a study, should we state a directional or nondirectional hypothesis? Questions for Discussion 8. Restate this hypothesis as a research purpose: â€Å"It is hypothesized that there is a difference in job satisfaction between those who receive regular feedback on their job performance and those who receive irregular feedback. † 9. Is the hypothesis in question 9 directional or nondirectional? Explain. 10. Could an experiment be conducted to test the hypothesis in question 8? Explain. 11. Restate this hypothesis as a research question: â€Å"It is hypothesized that those who exercise regularly and those who do not exercise regularly will differ in other behaviors that affect health. † ANSWERS 1. hypothesis 2. directional 3. nonexperimental 4. nondirectional 5. purpose 6. no, because it is stated in a way that can be answered yes or no 7. directional 8. Sample answer: The purpose is to explore differences in job satisfaction between those who receive regular feedback on their job performance and those who receive irregular feedback. 9.  nondirectional because it does not predict which group will have greater job satisfaction 10. Sample answer: yes, because we could physically manipulate the regularity of feedback 11. Sample answer: How do those who exercise regularly and those who do not differ in other behaviors that affect health? INTRODUCTION TO THE NULL HYPOTHESIS Suppose we drew random samples of engineers and psychologists, administered a self- report me asure of sociability, and computed the mean (the most commonly used average) for each group. Furthermore, suppose the mean for engineers is 65. For example, maybe the psychologists were contacted during December, when many social events take place and the engineers were contacted during a gloomy February. The only way to rule out bias as an explanation is to take physical steps to prevent it. In this case, we would want to make sure that the sociability of both groups was measured in the same way at the same time. 3. Perhaps the populations of psychologists and engineers are the same but the samples are unrepresentative of their populations because of random sampling errors. For instance, the random draw may have given us a sample of psychologists who are more sociable, on the average, than their population. The third explanation has a name — it is the null hypothesis. The general form in which it is stated varies from researcher to researcher. Here are three versions, all of which are consistent with each other: Version A of the null hypothesis: The observed difference was created by sampling error. (Note that the term sampling error refers only to random errors—not errors created by a bias. ) Version B of the null hypothesis: There is no true difference between the two groups. (The term true difference refers to the difference we would find in a census of the populations, that is, the difference we would find if there were no sampling errors. ) Version C of the null hypothesis: The true difference between the two groups is zero. Significance tests determine the probability that the null hypothesis is true. (We will be considering the use of specific significance tests in future weeks. ) Suppose for our example, we use a significance test and find that the probability that the null hypothesis is true is less than 5 in 100; this would be stated as p

Edvard Griegs Morning Mood Hall of the Mountain King essays

Edvard Griegs Morning Mood Hall of the Mountain King essays When one thinks of the Romantic composers, the names Beethoven, Wagner, Chopin, or Liszt come to mind. Looking even further into the period one sees the names of nationalist composers like Glinka, Tchaikovsky, and Smetana. Unfortunately, there are still many composers of the Romantic era whose music is known, but for some reason there names have grown apart from there music. Edvard Grieg, a Norwegian nationalist composer, is one of these men. Many people would know Griegs work In the Hall of the Mountain King if they heard it, but would be unable to tell you who had written it or where the work originates from. Despite his lack of fame in todays world, his music still is a prime example of the Romantic period and tendencies. Two works in particular are Morning Mood and In the Hall of the Mountain King, both from his Peer Gynt Suite No. 1, despite their very conflicting styles Edvard Grieg is thought of in the music field as a symbol of Norway. He was born in Bergen, Norway on June 15th, 1843 the fourth of five children. Music interested Grieg from a young age and at the age of six he began piano lessons with his mother. His mother, Gescine Hagerup, was known as the best piano teacher in Bergen and led him firmly, but lovingly into the music field. At the age of fifteen in October of 1858, Grieg left to attend the Leipzig Music Conservatory. He did not have an easy time at the conservatory. During his time there, Grieg suffered an attack of pleurisy that caused permanent damage to one of his lungs. He also had problems with the institutional nature of the school. However, despite the hardships he faced, he graduated from Leipzig at Easter in 1862 with high marks. After graduation, Grieg moved to Copenhagen to broaden his musical scope. While in Copenhagen he met people that would become life long friends and idols. One of Griegs first idols, which he met in...

Kim’s Writing Process Timeline Essay Example

Kim’s Writing Process Timeline Essay Example Kim’s Writing Process Timeline Essay Kim’s Writing Process Timeline Essay The internet is a handy resource to everyone, especially the student who has a full educational schedule and a busy life outside of the academic arena.   It is also helpful to professional educators and parents of students.   However, along with all of the valid resources on the internet there is an equal amount of invalid material.   The users of the internet need to be able to evaluate a website and determine the accuracy of a site.   Kim’s Korner for Teacher Talk is a website that was developed by educator, Kim Steele and even though it states that it is for everyone of all ages, (Steele) the target audience is parents, students, and other teachers.   Through this website, it will be explained how a website should be evaluated for its validity. Kim’s Korner for Teacher Talk has a page that is the writing process and a timeline that she uses with her students to make sure that they are on task. She understands that â€Å"Writing is a process, not merely a product.† (OWL)   Her students accumulate points for each step of the process and they have a time frame in which they must complete their work.   The objective for creating the timeline is to keep her students focused and to make sure that writing is not difficult and overwhelming.   By dividing the assignment into stages, a student will realize quickly if there is a problem with the topic chosen for the writing assignment. The sample timeline offers nine steps during the writing process. Understanding process helps us recognize where a student writer is in his or her process and offer help appropriate to that phase. (Trupe).   Kim states that the website is for all ages, but it seems to be geared toward elementary students because of the graphics that she uses.   With some tweaking, the timeline could be used for any educational level.   The first thing one would want to do if he/she were using this with older students is to remove the graphics, and perhaps using diction that is more academic. The timeline that is designed by Kim is geared to allow students to have a time frame in which steps in the writing process are due and when the final draft is due.   To many students this would be beneficial.   The student who procrastinates can obviously understand that he/she cannot delay the assignment until the night before the final draft is due.   It would also assure the teacher that all of the steps are used by the student.   Many times students will delay doing their assignment and they will rush through it at the last minute.   This often times leads to poor quality work.   If the teacher uses the timeline, he/she will be assured that this will not happen. Good writing habits do not just happen.   They must be practiced like a sport or musical instrument.   The longer one practices, the better he/she becomes at the task.   If the teacher uses this timeline for a long period of time, the student will eventually internalize the writing process so that in later on when the student is no longer in the class of the teacher using it, he/she will automatically go through the steps of the writing process.   This is a useful tool for the teacher to share his/her own writing experiences.   He/She should be able to discuss how he/she has benefited from using the writing process.   A child believes a teacher has no life beyond the classroom. A teacher is the face in the front of the room, the person who hands out assignments and issues grades. Where she came from, or how she got there, doesnt register. (Hallman) Another positive aspect of the timeline is that the teacher is involved in each step.   He/She should be checking the assignment at each due date which will guarantee that the students are accurate in what they are doing for the assignment.   If there are problems, the teacher can intervene early on instead of catching the problem at the very end.   If a conversational tone is used with the student, then h/she will not feel threatened or intimidated. How can teachers view writing assessment as a conversation? First, pay attention to what goes on in your mind as you read students writing, and articulate those reactions; give each student your experience of reading her or his paper. As students respond to your reactions, you might find that your interpretation and suggestions change. Be open to each writers purposes, experiences, and personality, using everything you know about that person and yourself as a reader.   (Wilson) This would be frustrating to a student who had put a lot of time into an assignment that was not acceptable.   The student would then loose points for the daily assignments as well as many points on the final draft.   That would lead to failure and frustration for the student.   However, the timeline would alert the teacher to the problem while it was a small one instead of a huge one. The timeline includes a two brainstorming sessions which is a positive aspect for the students.   The first brainstorming session would allow for the student to choose a topic.   Many times this is the hardest step.   Almost everyone has at one time or another stared at a blank piece of paper or computer screen for a long time because he/she is utterly clueless about which topic to choose.   The first brainstorming session would insure that this did not happen to the students.   The second session of brainstorming would aid the students in narrowing their topic.   There are many times that students will choose a topic that is too broad.   When a topic is broad, it would take enough information to fill a book to cover it.   Instead, this second brainstorming session, with the help of graphic organizers, would alleviate the problem. Once the first draft is written, there is an opportunity for revising for coherence, writing a second draft, and editing for usage and mechanics.   These steps might seem time consuming, but in the long run they are beneficial.   Students’ final drafts will be much better if these steps are followed.   Ã‚  Peer revision for coherence is used after the first draft is written. The process of student self-assessment through rubrics can be enhanced with peer assessment and teacher feedback, of course. (Andrade).   This step allows another student to read the assignment for clarity.   Using peers for this evaluation is actually better than a teacher because the peer is the targeted audience therefore, less biased.   The student can then understand where there is no clarity and he/she then revises the assignment by writing the second draft.   The paper then goes through peer editing to check for usage and mechanic problems with the paper.   This is done separately fr om the first peer conference so that the student can concentrate on one area at a time and so that the writer is not overwhelmed with the number of mistakes found on the paper.   The student should also use self-assessment during the peer revision and editing steps.   Even though the peer is useful in giving objective criticism, the peer is also a student like the writer. During self-assessment, students reflect on the quality of their work, judge the degree to which it reflects explicitly stated goals or criteria, and revise. Self-assessment is formative - students assess works in progress to find ways to improve their performance. Self-evaluation, in contrast, is summative - it involves students giving themselves a grade (Andrade) Even though the writing process designed and used by Kim is beneficial for most students, there are some that it would hinder success.   While it would greatly help a student with an attention deficit disorder because the student would not be focused on one aspect of the writing process for a long time, it could be overwhelming to a student who has other learning disabilities.   When a student has a learning disability in written expression sees the amount of time that he/she will be working on a task that is a disability to him/her, then the student is likely to give up before he/she even starts the assignment.   It would also frustrate that student to see that so many points were allotted to an assignment that is already difficult for him/her.   Embarrassment is another problem when it comes to peer revision and editing.   For a student with no learning disability, the chance that his/her paper is not totally full of mistakes is not a problem.   However, the student wit h a problem in written expression would see peer revision and editing in a totally different light.   Not only would the embarrassment frustrate the student, but the time constraints could be a horrible blow.   The only way that the writing process timeline could work with this student would be if the due dates were revised for that student. After closely analyzing the website Kim’s Korner for Teacher Talk, the conclusion is that the website is a positive one and the information presented would be of great benefit for most teachers.   However, the students with learning disabilities in written expression should be taken into account.   If the teacher forgets about these students and does not make major adjustments to the writing process timeline, these students will be doomed for failure.

Politica science - answer to questions Assignment

Politica science - answer to questions - Assignment Example Pluralism champions for the idea of diversity and acceptance of the same. This form of ideology in politics is what modern democracy is based on; while elitism, on one hand, is the attitude that people considered to be elite have a right to give views that count on governance of a country and so forth. Elitist parts of elitism in the election of the president happen in the nomination of the presidential candidates of political parties. This normally happens when the party delegates’ are assigned the task of identifying who among the party members vying for the top seat is fit to be given the party’s ticket in the final race for the top seat in the country. Delegates of a party are a select few in the party who are knowledgeable of the party policies, as well as the ability to forecast the battle ahead on the elections. Delegates share similar schools of thoughts on policies of the party and the way of doing things. Consequently, the pluralism parts of the elections of the president happen when the candidates from both parties are pitted against one another and the whole country; the registered voters countrywide are required to pick their preferred candidate to lead the country. Every party fields its presidential candidate and the voters vote for the person among the candidates whom they deem fit to lead them. Representative democracy, on the other hand, is the form of democracy in which officials are elected to represent the entire citizenry; and to vote on behalf of the populace on issues. This normally happens in Congress or parliaments. This case is somewhat similar to the system in the U.S. even though it is a republic. These were the articles which acted as the initial constitution for the United States of America. They were drafted in the year 1777 by the then Continental Congress, which had passed the Declaration of the

The Effect on Job Satisfaction Among Urban Police Officers Dissertation

The Effect on Job Satisfaction Among Urban Police Officers - Dissertation Example This research will begin with the statement that historically, police officers work is to protect life, liberty, and property, the role of police officers comes with many challenges such as fighting, deterring and preventing crimes. In the course of fulfilling this role police officers are exposed to various work situations which require different mental and physical abilities to handle their work efficiently and effectively. According to Gibbons and Gibbons, stress is associated with how an individual appraises situations and the coping strategies utilized to address the situation. Malach-Pines and Keinan stated that police officers are exposed to various occupational stressors which impact negatively on the health and the performance of the individual police officer. According to Rollinson, stress can be defined as a reaction to an external occurrence or any physical or mental demand, while Malach-Pines and Keinan, and Waters and Ussery defined stress as an adverse reaction people may have to excessive pressure or other demands placed on them. In this context, occupational stress or workplace stress refers to stress that is experienced as a direct result of their occupation. Previous research conducted by Malach-Pines and Waters and Ussery, indicated that stress results from a negative workplace environment and interactions at work constitute a major problem for police officers. Some stress can be regarded as a positive motivator, known as eustress, but in general stress is regarded as a destructive distress and may even function as a life threatening event. Police work has been classified as one of the professions rated highest in job stress next to air traffic controllers and firefighters (Gulle, Tredoux, & Foster, 1998). By the very nature of the profession, police officers are exposed to a variety of duty-related stressors that differ significantly in quality and quantity from those experienced by the general population. Examples of such stressors include killing someone in the line of duty, having a partner killed in the line of duty, managing or addressing public concerns on a daily basis, shift work and disruption of family time/family rituals, and lack of support by the department and supervisors (Gulle et al, 1998). Police officer stressors can further be categorized into two areas: internal and external work environment. Internal work environments are those areas that are related to organizational structure, climate, and supervisory support which can be an even greater source of stress for police officers than regular calls for service such as: a stolen car, missing person, and theft reports (Cooper, Davidson, & Robinson, 1982; Violanti & Aron, 1994; Kirkcaldy, Cooper, & Ruffalo, 1995). Lack of recognition, lack of resources, lack of promotion, and excessive paperwork are among the top internal stressors faced by police officers (Waters & Ussery, 2007; Stotland & Pendleton, 1989). External work environments include areas such as: weather, health problems, physical and psychological well-being (Bartol & Bartol, 2004: Waters & Ussery, 2007). Emotional intelligence (EI) has become of widespread interest to psychological research in recent years (Mayer & Salovey, 1997). Emotional Intelligence is the ability to process emotional information as it pertains to the perception, assimilation, expression, regulation, and management of emotion (Mayer & Cobb, 2000; Mayer, Salovey, & Caruso, 2000). According to Goleman (1995), EI is referred to as emotional literacy. Mayer and Salovey (1997) posit that emotional intelligence is one of the important factors that determine success in life and psychological well-being. Individuals with EI are therefore, able to relate to others with compassion and empathy, have well-developed social skills, and use this emotional awareness to direct their acts and behaviors. According to Ciarrochi,

Juvenile Justice Subsystems Essay Example for Free

Juvenile Justice Subsystems Essay The role of the police is to enforce the law and maintain order in the community. In 2000, there were approximately 18,000 police agencies employing more than one million full-time sworn and non-sworn personnel. They are intimately involved in juvenile justice issues, they mostly operate locally, and are thus in close proximity to towns and neighborhoods. For juvenile offenders and victims, local police are often their first contact with juvenile justice authorities. The reason for this is simply stated: Juvenile offenders who break the law are frequently taken to the police as a first option, or the police may apprehend them while observing them committing an offense. Youths who have been victimized or whose welfare is at risk are likewise referred to police custody—for their own protection. The Judicial Subsystem The judicial component of the juvenile justice system is composed of many of the same personnel as found in the adult system. These include judges, administrators, prosecutors, and defense counsel. It is a civil (rather than criminal) system, so there is also a significant amount of participation by social workers, probation officers, case managers, and other professionals whose primary duty is to inform and advise the court on the status of each juvenile. The Corrections Subsystem Juvenile correctional institutions are regulated under state law and must comply with state and federal mandates for the humane treatment of youths who have been consigned to locked or other residential facilities. The underlying mission of juvenile corrections is to treat and rehabilitate youths. Although many facilities are highly restrictive, and confinement conditions can approximate those found in some adult facilities, it is the duty of this subsystem to â€Å"correct† the behavior of offenders.

Femininity Essay -- essays research papers

The New Femininity Femininity is not a word that we are encouraged to use these days. A lot of people would argue that femininity is the thing that keeps women obedient to men. However, there is a hidden assumption behind this term. The assumption is that masculinity is superior to femininity; that femininity is not a beautiful and powerful thing in its own right. I believe that women have something men do not have. Women have special qualities that belong to them as women, and they do not intend to suppress those special qualities. I think the world would be a much poorer place without femininity. ?gWhat means to be a womanh What first came to my mind was stereotypical. Passive, dependent, altruistic, intuitive emotionally open, and impulsive?cis this what meant to be the ideal women in our society? In general, men have more power in the public place such as economic and political order, while women have more power in the private place such as domestic life, family. The social whole will be best suited if each sex does those tasks for which they are best suited. In fact, men and women have biologically different capacities and interests (aggressive vs. maternal feelings, etc) In the role of the family, men have power in making decision and the women have control of housework. ?@?@?@?@I had encountered to see the different aspects of gender role in two societies. These two societies have their own values and beliefs that keep the man and the women different. However, th...

Al-Qaeda Training Manual

The US Department of Justice (US DOJ) has publicly disclosed the ‘Al-Qaeda Training Manual’ which was recovered from the house of arrested alleged terrorist Khalid Khaliq on July 2005 in Manchester, England.The training manual containing comprehensive chapters of lessons written in Islamic language has been translated in English; following US DOJ’s handling of a trial on the spate of terrorist attacks of the UK and the US vital installations (US DOJ, 2008).Accordingly, to cite, the training manual outlines four substantial topics, such as (1) Lesson 1: Principles of Military Organization, (2) Lesson 2: Necessary Qualifications and characteristics for the Organization’s Member, (3) Lesson 3: Counterfeit Currency and Forged Documents, and (4) Lesson 4: Organization Military Bases (US DOJ, 2008).In this paper, the position of a counterterrorism specialist will be discussed, relating the hypothetical questions on what implications for counterterrorism are conta ined in the training manual and what counterterrorism strategy can be developed in light of the manual.Implications for counterterrorismAs a point of view on the classification of the training manual as a â€Å"captured document†, counterterrorism specialist may critically consider two fundamental implications for counterterrorism, such as (1) revalidation of the captured document, and (2) operational review on counterterrorism strategies. This critical reconsideration underscores the â€Å"way of the systems† in assessing the counterterrorism campaigns in both military and civilian organizations.Revalidation of the captured document would exert extensive effort for key military units and the intelligence community to analyze the veracity of information contained in the training manual.The first scenario to implement the revalidation could be in the field personnel, like the CIA’s HumInt (human intelligence) clandestine operatives that verifies and classifies th e â€Å"substantive category† of such information. The second scenario could be the â€Å"analytical method†, examining the depth and breadth of the captured document in the aspect of strategic purpose and intent; referring to the psychological warfare (psywar) of the literature.The operational review on counterterrorism strategies could be in line with redefining and reformulating short and long term plans or tactics purposely â€Å"to counter† the operation plan or â€Å"OPLAN† that can be found in the training manual. Overall, the implication would take into effect the enactment of policy framework that deals with counterterrorism.Counterterrorism StrategyAs cited from the training manual, Al-Qaeda massively recruits individuals working in borders, seaports and airports, of which will carryout the mission to blast or destroy vital places, like public amusement centers, embassies, economic zones, communication and media establishments, and government an d military facilities to name a few (US DOJ, 2008).Given the above situation, the first employment of a counterterrorism strategy is to secure the possible, potential and vulnerable places for terrorist attacks. One aspect of security measures is through â€Å"personnel profiling† or the conduct of evaluating the profiles of working personnel and monitoring their activities. In which case, a security guideline must be decisively implemented in working areas.However, the counterterrorism strategy can be efficiently and effectively implemented without legal constraints by implementing the necessary, existing and applicable laws, regulations and state policies that are meant to safeguard the working places and promote lawful prevention against terrorism. Thus, mobilization of strategic counterterrorism campaigns can be implemented at the extent of public tolerance and compliance.On the other hand, it is a common knowledge that the US Naval facility in Guantanamo, Cuba has been u sed as a prison of arrested terrorists, in which the controversy of alleged inhuman treatment of prisoners has recently ordered by President Barrack Obama to â€Å"dispose of utilizing the facility as a torture den†.By mentioning this information, it owe to relate the situation that counterterrorism specialist or expert may rely on applying psychological and physical torture as a method to â€Å"extract information† or obtain it as a first-hand validation from detained terrorists, partly of the strategy in reaffirming the information which is also called by the intelligence community as â€Å"rendition†.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Dubai Museum Essay

SUMMARY Research was conducted through distributing questionnaires to the visitors of the Dubai museum. The findings illustrated that the advantages of the location showed that it was easy to locate, and is located near the metro station. However, findings have also showed that the parking spaces at the Dubai museum are limited and lanes are more congested making it harder for other vehicles and tour buses to reach the museum. OBJECTIVES To identify the advantages and disadvantages of the Dubai museum location. To identify the different implications of visiting patterns. To exhibit the findings from the research taken and recommendations to improve the location of the Dubai museum. INTRODUCTION Dubai is known for its huge malls, ideal looking hotel and its gleaming skyscrapers; nonetheless, Bur Dubai maintains its culture and history (TVtrip, Bastakiya, 2013). Dubai museum is one of the most attractable historical monuments in Dubai with the aim of presenting a culture and a traditional way of life in the past. It is located in Al- Fahidi Fort, which is a landmark in the Gulf as well as the United Arab Emirates. Al Fahidi Fort subsisted to protect the city against any incursions; therefore, the Dubai Museum presents several dimensions of the region’s ethnicity before  oil was found (TVtrip, Bastakiya, 2013). The location also plays an important role in find some key elements, which may have effects on the museum. Therefore, analyzing the location would help the museum to find the best solution to improve the museum and increase an amount of visitors. As management perspectives, this report examines strengths and weakness of the location while highlighting benefits of visiting Dubai museum in order to identify a number of visitors coming and returning to the museum frequently. Museums are a place where people are able to see ethnicity, antiquity and originality. People are curious and want to gain knowledge of different people and cultures. The architecture of a museum is very important and it gives an insight into our history and the way a civilisation lived in the past (TVtrips, Hotels near: Dubai Museum, 2013). Al Fahidi Fort was built in 1799 and is a monument as it is a link between our history and our future. The Dubai museum is located close to Bastakiya, which is one of the oldest heritage places in Dubai (Virtual Tourists, Souqs, 2013); it presents an appealing indication of what Dubai previously looked like as it is filled with customary pizza houses and traditional wind towers (Virtual Tourists, Dubai Museum, Dubai, 2013). The walk from Bastakiya to the Dubai museum is approximately 130 meters, which is a two-minute walk (Google Maps, 2013). The Dubai museum is located near seven worldwide known hotels and they are: Arabian Courtyard Hotel and Spa, Orient Guest House, Regent Palace Hotel, Desert Rose Hotel Apartments, Horizon Holiday Apartments, Nova Hotel and Royal Mirage Residence and Spa (Plus. Google, 2013). According to the primary research conducted, there are numerous tourists that stay at hotels close to the Dubai museum in order to experience Dubai’s authenticity and culture. Furthermore, the results show that 88% of tourists and residents found the Dubai museum easy to locate. The reason for which the Dubai museum was set up in Al Fahidi fort was due to its surroundings and background. For instance, the residents of the vicinity can interact with the tourists, therefore, the tourist are given a vivid depiction of the authentic cultural experience. The location of the museum has been a very significant to its surroundings and heritage. Because of  it’s location, the Dubai museum is set in a culturally based area that is far from the advancement of infrastructure but set in a place where people are being presented of how Dubai was back then where it’s cultural heritage roots progressed. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES The Dubai museum is located near Al Fahidi metro station (1 km); this can be both, beneficial and detrimental. The first advantage is that the individual gets a further authentic experience by walking from the metro station and making stops to heritage sites. The notion ‘tourist gaze’ can be implied through the tourists taking their time in visiting cultural locations as they make their way to the Dubai museum. However, according to the questionnaire conducted, only 10% of the respondents use the metro, whereas 33% of the respondents use the tour bus, as it is more convenient. Furthermore, the survey results indicate that 59% of the people think that the location of the Dubai museum needs adjustments in relation to the parking spaces. The parking spaces available are very limited, therefore, visitors are forced to park their cars elsewhere. Using the example based on the customer feedback, there was difficulty in finding parking spaces; tourists had to wait approximately 15 minutes in order to find a parking space. Additionally, tour busses’ parking spaces are very limited as well and this can cause inconvenience to both, tourists and visitors. Moreover, due to the Dubai museum being located at the heart of Bur Dubai, lanes are very congested and as a result, getting to the museum is made more difficult. IMPLICATIONS OF VISITING PATTERNS The implications of Dubai museum for visitors are very significant. The Dubai museum provides experiences, enjoyment and education to people of all ages and backgrounds. The visitors are free to explore and discover the traditional way of life and the technological advancement of Dubai that may lead to intellectual and cultural growth. Moreover, the museum also facilitates the outside learning to develop some cognitive skills such as  divergent thinking, problem solving, critical analysis and better understanding of the history. Throughout Dubai museum, visitor would realize some important landmarks before the city’s rapid development from a small fishing village to a modern city. As the result, Dubai attracts a lot of people from different countries; for instance, in 2007 the Dubai museum welcomed 1,800 visitors per day with a total of 612,000 in a year (Johnson, 2008). According to the survey, 82% of the people said that it is their first time visiting Dubai museum. It depends on their purpose or their jobs such as travel guides or enjoyable purpose or educational purpose. All the reasons together prove that Dubai museum is an interesting and useful place for travel guides introducing to their tourists, people understanding deeply about Dubai history and student developing some necessary skills. Furthermore, as a result of the visitor’s satisfaction with the museum and what it has to offer, according to the questionnaire conducted, 88% of the respondents said that they would recommend the museum to their family and friends. THE FINDINGS We conducted a survey by distributing questionnaires to visitors of the Dubai museum in order to achieve our objective, which was finding the advantages and disadvantages of the Dubai museum location and the implication of its visitation frequency. The survey have shown that out of 58 people 35 who were the tourists have said that it was their first time visiting the museum. 15 out 58 were the residents and students who had stated that it was their first time. And only 8 of the respondents have said that it was not their first time.16% were the percentage of people who came by taxi.33% of whom preferred the bus. And 10% of them take the metro. 39% of the people who answered the survey said that they wouldn’t change anything about the location of the museum. However 59% of the people would suggest a better parking space. And 2% of the people said that they would want to have less traffic around the location of the Dubai museum. In accordance to recommending the museum to family and friends 88% of the respondents said yes and 12% of them said no. 88% of visitors found the Dubai museum easy to locate and the survey shows that 33% of visitors use the bus in order to  visit the museum. CONCLUSION The location of the Dubai museum is based in Al Fahidi Fort at the heart of Bur Dubai. Generally museums are representatives of a country’s ethnicity and heritage; and so therefore it has been placed in Al Fahidi Fort, which was built in 1799, creating an enhanced authentic experience. With a variety of strengths, Dubai museum is attracting both residents and tourists from many countries over the world. The advantages of the Dubai museum’s location are nearby hotels such as, the Arabian Courtyard Hotel and Spa, and Orient Guest House, as well as the existence of a nearby metro station making it more convenient. However, the location of the metro station can be a drawback as a result of hot summers and high chances of an individual losing their way towards the Dubai museum. A large proportion of people are very satisfied about what they have discovered in the museum and they would recommend Dubai museum to their friends and families as well as come back the museum for different purposes such as enjoyable, educational reasons or job purposes. Reference Lists: Google Maps. (2013). Distance between Bastakiya to Al Fahidi Fort. Available: https://maps.google.ae/maps?hl=en&gs_rn=8&gs_ri=psy-ab&pq=how+far+is+al+fahidi+fort+from+bastakiya&cp=8&gs_id=69&xhr=t&q=how+long+is+al+fahidi+fort+from+bastakiya&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&biw=1192&bih=617&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=wl [Accessed 16th April 2013] Johnson, A. (2008). UAE Museum: Dubai Museum, _Gulfnews.com_, Available: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/heritage-culture/uae-museum-dubai-museum-1.100262 [Accessed 20th April 2013]. Plus. Google. (2013). Mapping data. Available: https://plus.google.com/107865901515540879024/about [Accessed 15th April 2013]. TVtrip. (2013). Bastakiya (United Arab Emirates). Available: http://www.tvtrip.com/Monument+1-info/Bastakiya+u1KL0v [Accessed 15th April 2013]. TVtrip. (2013). Hotels near: Dubai Museum. Available: http://www.tvtrip.com/pnh1KL10-hotels-near-dubai-museum [Accessed 15th April 2013]. Virtual Tourists. (2013). Dubai Museum, Dubai. Available: http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/United_Arab_Emirates/Dubai/Dubai-1857296/Things_To_Do-Dubai-Dubai_Museum-BR-3.html [Accessed 16th April 2013]. Virtual Tourists. (2013). Souqs, Dubai. Available: http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Middle_East/United_Arab_Emirates/Dubai/Dubai-1857296/Things_To_Do-Dubai-Souqs-BR-1.html [Accessed 15th April 2013].

My Sisters Keeper Essays

My Sisters Keeper Essays My Sisters Keeper Paper My Sisters Keeper Paper Introduction, and Thesis: Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) to provide a genetically matched donor for an older sick child and to use the organs of the younger to the medical benefit of the elder is not morally justifiable using rule utilitarian ethical theory. This principle is not justifiable due to both the nature of the proposed rule regarding PGD and, primarily, to the nature of utilitarian ethical philosophy in general. Arguments Supporting Thesis: Rule utilitarianism is a moral philosophy holding that general rules for moral guidance should be developed that will act as an aid in making ethical decisions. For example, one such rule might by that one ought to keep promises. Given this general rule, when faced with a moral decision, an individual should look at the list of rules and see if any of these rules apply to the current situation. Using the above example, if the situation involves keeping a promise or not, then one should keep the promise. According to this philosophy, even if the consequences of a particular act of promise keeping are bad, the person behaving in accordance with the established utilitarian rule is morally not at fault. However in an attempt to establish a new utilitarian moral rule, each individual event will affect the attempt to establish a moral rule. This ethical theory requires development of rules of action based on the potential rules likelihood to bring about the most good for the most people. For the purposes of this discussion a reasonable rule would be: parents should use PGD to provide a genetically matched donor for an older child and use the expendable organs of the younger child to repair life threatening medical conditions of the older. For the sake of argument, this paper assumes that any procedures that would necessarily result in the death of the younger child would not be performed. For example, if the elder child needs a heart transplant, this rule could not be used to justify the death of the younger by removing the younger siblings heart and transplanting it into the elder. The suggested rule makes use of other, more fundamental utilitarian rules such as one shouldnt cause pain or one should prevent pain. Neither of these rules in itself is sufficient to establish the more specific utilitarian rule suggested in the preceding paragraph. To determine if this potential utilitarian rule should be adopted, some cases, using Picoults novel My Sisters Keeper as a springboard should be examined. The first case to examine is the simplest case. If the proposed rule proves inadequate for a simple application, it is unlikely that more complex, and more realistic scenarios will be adequately served by the proposed rule. The simplest case within this context would be the case originally conceived of by Kates parents, Sara and Brian Fitzgerald. In this scenario Sara and Brian had two children, the elder, Jesse, is approximately seven years old. His little sister, Kate is a about two years old when she is diagnosed with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Since Jesse is not a compatible donor, her parents elect to use PGD to produce a genetically compatible donor as a potential solution for their daughters health problem. Initially, the younger daughter, Anna, is to be used to donate blood cells from the umbilical cord to provide needed blood cells for Kate. Theoretically, these cells would put Kates APL into remission and that would be the end of medical treatment. All three children would be healthy, have little or no memories of the procedure and the Fitzgerald family would live happily ever after. Does this scenario provide the greatest good for the most people? Although others are involved in My Sisters Keeper, such as the nurses, surgeons, and hospital staff, it is reasonable to consider just the impact of the Fitzgerald family. It appears that the most people have received the greatest good. Kate has her normal life expectancy back, Jesse now has not one, but two little sisters to tease and torment, while Sara and Brian have three happy, healthy children. It appears to be a winning situation for everyone. This scenario provides support that the proposed rule may be a viable utilitarian rule, at least in this simplified situation. Unfortunately, all the cases this proposed rule are to be applied to arent this simple. The Fitzgeralds experiences provide an example where the simple case doesnt prevail and the situation is complicated by other events. Initially in My Sisters Keeper, it appears the umbilical cord blood cells take at Annas birth have done the job. Kate goes into remission for five years. However, at this point Kates APL flairs up and lymphocytes are drawn from Anna three times and inserted into Kate. Again this appears to work for the short term, but ultimately, the procedure fails. For the next eight years the process is repeated over and over again; Kate becomes ill, Anna donates something which should help her get better, the treatment works for a while but then stops working and a new, more invasive and painful donation and treatment is attempted. The situation during this period is not so simple and clear-cut. In the process, everyone in the family suffers: physically, emotionally, financially, and/or socially within the family and outside the home. Both Kate and Anna suffer physical pain with each procedure. Jesse begins to act up in an attempt to get attention from both his parents. The relationship between the parents suffers as Sara becomes more and more obsessed about the physical needs of Kate. The family is not the happy unit anticipated in the simpler case. In fact, at the time of Anna filing the lawsuit for medical emancipation, the only good that has resulted is that Kates life as been extended for twelve or thirteen years. All of the benefits of the Kates continuing to live have come at the expense of the rest of the family and of Kate herself, who suffers considerable pain during the process. In these more complicated circumstances it is not so easy to determine the net good or the net harm. It is no longer so clear that a rule utilitarian imperative can be established to justify PGD and the subsequent harvesting of organs. As long as the medical procedure works, it is more easily justified on a rule utilitarian basis. When the procedure fails, the amount of good, if any doesnt appear to outweigh the amount of harm. This points out a fundamental weakness in moral rule utilitarianism as an ethical theory. It does not have much utility. First, calculating the potential harm and the potential good resulting from a proposed medical procedure is difficult, perhaps even impossible, to calculate. In the simple case, it is easy to calculate the net good because only two people are involved in the process: Anna the donor doesnt suffer at all, and Kate has her pain relieved for five years. It is clear that more good than harm results from the PGD, birth of Anna, and Kates used of the cord blood cells from Anna is a good thing on an utilitarian basis. However, with every additional complication, the calculation of net good becomes more difficult. When lymphocytes are drawn from Anna three times at the age of five, it is clear she feels pain and is at some amount of risk of life due to the use of general anesthesia. It is also clear that Kate receives some benefit from the donated cells. What isnt clear is how much physical pain Anna suffers and how much benefit Kate receives. There are no clearly quantifiable measures of pain. There are scales of pain used by physicians to try and measure pain, but they are estimations by the patient and extremely subjective. Suppose, to salvage the utilitarian principle, one were able to establish a unit measure of pain and relief of pain. Suppose Anna reports that she has pain at a level three for twelve hours for a total of thirty-six pain hours, level two for six hours for twelve pain hours and pain level one for 3 hours for three pain hours. This gives Anna a total of fifty-one pain hours. Presumably, on Kates side, if one assumes a one for one exchange of pain values between Anna and Kate, as long as her net relief of pain is greater than fifty-one pain hours the procedure is justifiable from a rule utilitarian point of view. This result is remarkably similar to the conclusion above in that as long as the medical procedure is successful, the performing of the procedure add credence to the establishment of a new moral rule. This is not a satisfactory moral principle. It fails to consider far too many aspects of the entire situation and bases the moral evaluation purely on the result. For example, as any medical provider knows from personal experience, sometimes people die regardless of the treatment they have received. In the above case, suppose that Kate, after receiving the lymphocytes, and despite the fact that the medical team is well qualified and performed the procedure in accordance with the best established procedures, dies shortly after the procedure. Autopsy and postmortem investigation finds no particular reason for the death. For all intents and purposes, Kate randomly dies when she was expected to live. According to rule utilitarian ethics, this procedure was a failure and should not be used to support a potential rule for future behavior and presumably should count against the potential rule. However this wasnt the fault of the procedure and, intuitively, shouldnt count against PGD and the subsequent use of donor tissues. A second objection to utilitarian rules is that it is unclear when a new rule becomes established. Except for fundamental rules which lack substance, such as truth telling is good, loyalty is good, promise keeping is good that are already established, when does a proposed rule have enough evidence to be a new moral imperative. There isnt a Governing Board of Utilitarian Theory (GOUT) that meets periodically and either approves or denies potential utilitarian rules of ethics. One wonders then if a utilitarian rule can ever be established beyond basic, fundamental rules such as those mentioned above. It is counterintuitive to think that an ethical rule can only be established when it has been tested a sufficient number of times. The whole point of ethical rules is to give people ethical guidance. If one is forced to rely on only the more basic rules such as causing pain is bad and relieving pain is good until the new rule has been established with sufficient data, one is often at a loss since such rules are extremely general and can be, and often are, contradictory. In the case of My Sisters Keeper to relieve Kates pain, Anna must be caused pain. This is essentially a wash that really leaves one with no answer at all. Objections that Rule Utilitarian Cannot Justify PGD: The biggest objection to the conclusion that rule utilitarianism cannot justify using PGD to provide a potential donor for a critically ill child is that if feels like one should be able to use rule utilitarianism to make this decision. One ought to be able to look at this issue and say yes it is moral to provide a potential donor for a child using PGD or no, it is not moral do so. If one cannot use rule utilitarianism to help make a decision what good is it? Response to Objection: That is precisely the point. Rule utilitarianism, in fact even act utilitarianism as well, is inherently flawed. Instead of looking at the entire issue of is it moral to perform an act it shifts the focus to will performing such an act result in a net positive value instead of dealing with the social issue the person who posed the ethical question, utilitarianism deals with an unwieldy ethical system of bookkeeping. This is unsatisfactory because it skirts the real issue. Human ethics is not bookkeeping. Results of an act are important in evaluating the morality of an act, but this is only one part of the entire equations. Equally important, and oftentimes more important are other factors that ought to be considered: motive of the people involved, capabilities of those involved and the rights of those involved are essential ingredients in making ethical decisions and rule utilitarianism makes no allowance for these vital concerns. In fact, it is the question of the rights of Anna Fitzgerald that is central to this novel. It is these other factors that are most revealing and the most interesting from an ethical and sociological point of view. Summary of Paper: Rule utilitarian ethics is unable to establish the rule that using a PGD child to provide a transplant source for an older, critically ill child. This is due to rule utilitarianism ethics not being a particularly viable ethical system. The unwieldiness of trying to calculate the net good or bad makes rule utilitarianism impractical. In addition, rule utilitarianism fails to account for anything other than the results which are a small, uninteresting part of any ethical dilemma. This bookkeeping approach to ethics is inadequate. A moral dilemma is not easily solved and is never solved without considering, the agent, the act and the reasonably expect consequences of the act. It is for this reason that utilitarianism cannot, in fact, justify itself as an ethical system.

One flew over the cukoos nest Essays

One flew over the cukoos nest Essays One flew over the cukoos nest Paper One flew over the cukoos nest Paper McCarthy represents freedom in a society controlled by fear and repression. Discuss Ken Keys allegorical novel One flew over the kickoffs nest depicts society as a repressive combine, molding citizens to assimilate them into society. The institution can be seen as a microcosm of the outside world; the Nurse depicted as a fascist leader and the patients as the members who are controlled by her tyrannical rule. The effects of her manipulative therapy sessions and fearsome tactics cause the patients to live sexually repressed and emasculated. McCarthy who is loud, jubilant and expressive is a great contrast to the other patients who are in a constant anxiety. Whilst McCarthy represents Freedom, he also represents society attitudes to freewill and Independence. Keyes conveys his views on the repressive nature of society through the ward and characters. Throughout the novel, the narrator, Chief Broaden, references society as the Combine, juxtaposing both the ward the outside world as a big machine- mass producing the ideal American citizen that will fit society mould. The ward, a microcosm of society, is a place for the faulty parts and misfits of the combine to be treated, Its for fixing up mistakes made In the neighborhoods. Keyes questions the sanity of the patients and the collects label of Insanity. The majority of the patients are self-admitted and do not seem to be extremely Insane, It Is rather that they have not found a place In society and that their community has been unable to accept their minor differences, conveying the rigidity and lack of acceptance and freedom amongst people. The says and asss were mimes of change. With the civil rights movement and other social movements people were broadening the idea of who could be accepted into mainstream society. Alongside this the red scare of the Cold war caused people to look upon each other with suspicion, behavior out of the norm was almost intimidating. Chief describes the combine as a huge organization that aims to adjust the Outside as well as she has the Inside The Issue Is not the patients mental health but the conformity in society and the ostracism towards those that did not conform. Hence the patients eve been admitted Into the ward In the hope that they may be adjusted so they can return to the Big world outside that you will be one day taking your place In again. Keyes views the patients treatment as corruptive and as a disease that will overpower freedom and individuality. The strong imagery of Maxwell Table, one of the Nurses success depicts him as a machine, installed lend nimble skills to his fingers, that slowly adjusts them[society] as he was adjusted. Society is conveyed as controlling and manipulative towards its citizens. Keyes explores sanity arbitrary nature and its effects. Those that do not conform to mainstream society are labeled and treated in order to suit the Combines agenda. Nurse Ratchet represents the Combines tyrannical authority over the world. Her domineering and manipulative behavior cause the patients to be sexually repressed and inhibited. Nurse Ratchets Is Introduced as smooth calculated and precision made, as a product of the combine who has been programmed to convert the patients Into the Ideal citizen. From the first Impression of the nurse she has been portrayed In a negative light. Constantly described as the Big Nurse this alludes to Chiefs strong. The strong imagery associated with the metaphor of the Nurse as a tractor paints a violent picture, Shes swelling up, swells till her backs splitting She blows up bigger and bigger, big as a tractor, so big I can smell the machinery inside. It is evident that Nurse Ratchet is not the orthodox women of her time. Unlike most women of her time she works and holds a position high in responsibility and power. Whilst the women worked during the second world war to sustain the economy while he men were away, their return meant that there were no longer any Jobs for women and that they had to return to their household duties. Regardless of this Nurse Ratchet works and even with the presence of other male leaders such as Doctor Spices, the Nurse holds the utmost authority although she uses it to oppress . The Chief recounts the number of ideal staff that have been on the ward and how the Nurse is able to emasculate them all, since I started on the ward with that woman I feel like my veins are running ammonia. Y kids wont sit on my lap, my wife wont leap with me. When McCarthy realizes her power over the mens ego and masculinity he describes her as a ball cutter, her domineering qualities cause her to castrate the men and repress them sexually. The key force of repression and within the ward is Nurse Ratchets tyrannical hold over the ward. Unlike the other patients in the ward McCarthy is ope nly sexual and does not conform to the wards rules, however his actions soon lead him to strife. McCarthy is confident, loud and open. He is blatantly different to the other patients. From his arrival into the ward he behaves differently to the other patients. He laughs loudly, unlike the other patients who snicker behind their fists out of fear. The entire ward seems to be taken aback by this, all is stunned dumb by his laughing. Through this initial gesture it is clear that McCarthy will be resistant toward the wards authority. As McCarthy realizes the Nurses position in the ward there is a power struggle between the two. The nurse aims to adjust McCarthy whereas he is determined to resist the rule and changes. Naively McCarthy bets to annoy the Nurse, without releasing the power she has over him. McCarthy first sign of protest is when he cant watch the world series on the television, regardless the turns on the TV and watches the blank screen. Through a series of acts out of rebellion McCarthy continues to enrage the nurse. When McCarthy has electroshock therapy he continues to resist the authorities and will not admit that he is at fault. As a consequence his electroshock therapy continues. After the party at the ward, the Nurse finally overcomes McCarthy. His continual rebellion and revolt against the Nurse leads to his Lobotomy. Whilst McCarthy represents freedom, his resistance to conform to the ward leads to severe consequences. Keyes explores the repressive and exploitive nature of society through the microcosm of the ward. Nurse Ratchets fascist hold on the ward suppresses the men on the ward. Her therapeutic techniques emasculate and castrate the men. Whilst McCarthy represents freedom in this oppressed environment his excessive resistance to conformity leads to his plight.

Stable Angina Pectoris Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stable Angina Pectoris - Essay Example Although there are efforts to specify use of angina pectoris for chest area discomfort caused by myocardial ischaemia linked with coronary artery disease, there are also known causes like aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (Task Force of European Society of Cardiology 395; Fox et al. 3-9). Angina pectoris is considered stable if it has been occurring for over a number of weeks without any major worsening. Stable angina pectoris normally occur in situations related to increased myocardial oxygen usage. Factors such as ambient temperature and emotional stress can, however, influence symptoms of stable angina pectoris from time to time (Crea & Gaspardone 3767; Christensen 10-11). On the other hand, unstable angina pectoris is characterized by a suddenly deteriorating pre-existing angina pectoris or abrupt appearance of angina during rest or light work. This is generally caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture which leads to intracoronary thrombus formation. Some patients experience heightened coronary artery tone or spasm (Fox et al 4). The pathological condition giving rise to this imbalance is most often the atheromatous narrowing of the coronary arteries. To attain this medical condition, also referred to as stenosis, there must be at least 50 to 70 percent narrowing of the coronary artery. In such decrease in the inner diameter, the coronary blood flow is rendered inadequate to reach the metabolic demands of the heart during strenuous activities or exercise. The impact of stenosis is not limited to the degree of narrowing of the luminal diameter but also on the length and quantity of stenoses present in the coronary artery (Crea & Gaspardone 3767; Christensen 10-11). Vasoconstriction at the area of the atheromatous narrowing normally results to segmental abnormal function and dilatation of the left ventricle which cause a sudden drop in coronary blood flow. Coronary vasoconstriction, on the other hand, occurs because of curtailed diastolic filling period due to tachycardia and different hormonal actions. Patients with coronary artery disease have the potential risk of acquiring fissuring or rupturing plaque which usually results in platelet aggregation, abnormality of coronary blood flow or thrombotic coronary occlusion. Increased vasomotor tone or spasm arises from the release of substances from activated platelets. This condition crosses the threshold in which a diagnosis of unstable angina pectoris or evolving myocardial infarction is given (Fox et al 5). It is estimated that 30,000 to 40,000 per 1 million persons suffering from angina pectoris in countries with high number of patients with coronary heart disease. The incidence of angina pectoris is notably twice as high as in middle-aged men as in middle-aged women. This medical condition severely limits the lifestyle of patients such that those of working age are forced to apply for early retirement (Christensen 10; Fox et al. 3-9; Crea & Gaspardone 3767). Symptoms Stable angina pectoris symptoms are grouped into four major features. These are in terms of location, association with exercise, characteristics, and

Stooge Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stooge Concept - Essay Example n of heaping torture upon one individual, it is a necessity for the mental well being of the many, in order that the utopian condition of the city might be preserved. In a similar manner, Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is based upon the same theme of one individual becoming a scapegoat to bear the brunt of frustration and anger that others feel – the sacrifice of the one to preserve the happiness of the many. Crane’s â€Å"The Blue Hotel† also reiterates this theme of selection of a scapegoat elected to suffer in order that the happiness of others and their utopian existing state can be maintained. LeGuin’s story progresses through there phases – the first shows suggests an idyllic existence, fortunate that the citizens of Omelas enjoy. But the dark undertones to the story are revealed in the second half of the story where the existence of the one child locked in filthy, miserable conditions within a broom closet is revealed to the reader – it has become imbecile through fear, malnutrition and neglect.† (LeGuin 281). The existence of the child is known to the citizens of the town – it sometimes begs for release and promises to be good, because it is suffering so much from being naked, covered with sores and left to sit in its own excrement. Most of the citizens view the child and are shocked at its pitiable state, however although they would like to do something to help the child, they cannot because â€Å"to throw away the happiness of thousands for the chance for the happiness of one: that would be to let guilt within the walls indeed.† (LeGuin 282). Therefore, many of them try to rationalize the suffering to themselves by arguing that after so long, the child would not even appreciate freedom – â€Å"it would probably be wretched without walls about it to protect it, and dakness for its eyes and its own excrement to sit in.† (LeGuin 283). The third part of the story deals with the reaction to this revelation, and how some people walk away from the

The Omnivore's Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Omnivore's Dilemma - Essay Example Subjects such as cattle industry, the capon industry, the hidden costs of industrial farming, local versus industrial organic farming, fast-food, the ethics of eating animals, the meaning of food in our lives are analyzed aptly. The basic question clarified by Pollan is ‘what type of food should be laid on the table?’ The meaning of food in our lives is discussed in relation with ideas from the Pollan’s ‘The Omnivore’s Dilemma’. Aspect, Origin and Significance of Food Human beings are scientifically classified as omnivores, hence are capable of consuming both flesh and plants. The fact still stands that not all foods are nutritious and edible; thus man tends to be choosy on what to love and hate. Pollan has remarkably assisted his readers on what to consider when selecting food. He states that innumerable individuals eat what their culture perceives as healthy food; therefore, are restricted to try other types of food (Murcot, 203). â€Å"The lack of a steadying culture of food leaves us especially vulnerable to the blandishments of the food scientist and the marketer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Pollan, 5) In his quest, Pollan explores to find differences amid solar-powered food and fossil fuel-powered food. Feedlot is examined by Pollan and finds out that it has made more problems than solutions in producing substantial food. He does this through finding disparities amid economic logic and evolutionary logic; and systems that manufacture food without problems and those with problems. Anxiety is stirred up when a person has to choose on the type of food to eat. Pollan states this statement strongly believing how the process is remarkably difficult. Majority of the Americans struggle to get thin whilst they get fat as time elapses. The Omnivore’s Dilemma illustrates how American citizens are dysfunctional eaters, and fail to make precise choices in selecting appropriate food for consumption. Consequently, Pollan tries to find a solution to this problem by beginning to analyze the raw foods grown in the soil and ends with cooked and refined meal. Pollan also approaches this journey of emphasizing on the implication of food to omnivores by examining corn. He does his research in supermarkets by analyzing the type of foods grown in the area. He explains the origin of corn and the use of chemical fertilizers (Pollan, 15). Corns are the center of the innumerable foods put up for sale in supermarkets. The Omnivore’s Dilemma states that ingredients of industrial foods contains corn, which is broken down to simple molecules and matter that are combined with other substances to come up with a done produce. The populace and the community should watch on the pervasive diseases such as ‘obesity’, ‘diabetes’ and ‘heart disease’ that are majorly caused by too much of industrial foods. It has been established that corn and oil is the heart of the food industry. Examples of f oods that are extracted form oil and corns are burgers, fries that are exceptionally admired in American food shops center and fast food hotels (Pollan, 109). Corn makes up more in than a quarter of the types of foods sold in supermarkets. In his research, he visited the Chicken Mc Nuggets and found out that corn makes up 13 of the 38 constituent. This proves how essential corn is in the production of foods in industries. The food chain that he presents initiates form the corn. The human society is now facing difficult food choices

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Kite Runner Essay An analysis of The Kite Runner â€Å"For you, a thousand times over† Made by Hasnen Ali Introduction The Kite Runner is an extraordinary book, which reminds us how long the Afghani people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence. Because of the books strong story, we get an insight in how people might have experienced the crisis in Kabul, even though it’s been shown through a book. The author Khaled Hosseini was a practicing physician until after the book’s release. This was also his first novel, which was released in 2003 and turned out to be an international bestseller. Even though the story of The Kite Runner is fictional, it’s based on a true story and also on Hosseini’s memories of growing up in Kabul. This also means that the genre of the book is not a fictional novel (many look at it that way), but an historical novel. According to an article in USA Today, The Kite Runner has sold over 1. 4 million copies, which is a phenomenal sale for a first time author. The story tells of a friendship between two boys growing up in Kabul. Even though they were raised in the same household, Amir and Hassan are from two â€Å"different worlds†. While Amir is the son of a wealthy and respected man (Baba), Hassan is the son of the family servant (Ali). The most important factor in the story is the relationship between Amir and Hassan. Their intertwined lives and fate, shows that throughout the story even though, when their relationship was inseparable in the start. They still manage to become separated through jealousy. Five years later, during the Soviet occupation, Amir and Baba are forced to flee. They spend their new lives in California, and Amir starts a career as an author. Even though Amir thinks that he has escaped his past. He still cannot leave the memory of Hassan behind him. Setting The story uses two main settings. One is Afghanistan and the other is California. We could also say that the story is divided into three sections: the memories of pre-conflict Afghanistan, adjusting to life in America, and returning to Taliban controlled Afghanistan. There is big difference between these places. While Afghanistan used to be a safe and peaceful nation, their reputation completely changed after Taliban started controlling the country. The country is also portrayed as a demolished and deserted place, while California is shown as a way to escape their problems in Afghanistan. California will always be a much safer place to live, for both Amir and Baba, but Baba still misses Afghanistan, since he used to be wealthy and respected. He misses Kabul because in California, he is completely the opposite. He works at a gas station for many hours, and through the book we can feel that he misses almost everything about his previous home. It’s important to understand their struggle to adapt to their new home, because it shows how different Afghanistan is from California, and we also get a better understanding of the story. Structure and characters The Kite Runner starts with a nameless narrator, talking about his past and how it’s been affecting him for the last twenty-six years. The narrator also gives us clues to what might happen, and the troubles that will arise. After going through a few chapters, we get to know the main characters better and their problems. The characters that we first meet are Amir and Hassan. Amir is the narrator and the main character throughout the story. He is an Afghan man with a special childhood. Through most of his life Amir tries to redeem his reputation in the eyes of his father as he felt he was responsible for his mother’s death. He also wants to prove to his father that he isn’t a weakling, and want to become more like Hassan. Hassan is Amir’s best friend during his childhood and he is also his servant. Hassan is known for his loyalty and strong attachment to Amir. Later in the story, it’s revealed that Hassan is Amir’s brother. This means that Amir’s father had an affair with Ali’s wife, and that Hassan is actually his son. Hassan was also known for begin the best kite runner in Kabul. Baba is a wealthy and respected man, but becomes poor after he flees to America. His relationship with Amir is very turbulent, and he wants Amir to become like Hassan, strong and brave. Ali is Hassan’s father and Baba’s best friend. He is a Hazara, but he got the same characteristics as his son. Ali grew up together with Baba, just as Hassan and Amir did. He got a handicap as well; even though it doesn’t stop him from begin a loyal servant. Rahim Khan is Baba’s closest friend and one of the few people who know that Hassan is Amir’s brother. He is the one that calls Amir to go back to Afghanistan. Assef is a bully and is responsible for the rape of Hassan. This guy is also a fan of Hitler, which clearly makes him a sociopath. When he becomes an adult, he also joins the Taliban. He also has hatred towards the Hazara people, and likes to discriminate them. Soraya is Amir’s wife and has troublesome past. She also takes care of Baba, when he is sick and adopts Shorab without doubts. Sohrab is Hassan’s son. He also plays a major part in the book. Assef enslaves him after he is taken from the orphanage. Since Amir is the main character in the book, he also develops most of all the characters. We notice first that he slowly turns against Hassan, his anger and jealousy grows in one direction, even though Hassan doesn’t do anything wrong. The rape of Hassan is really an event that further separates their relationship. Since there is so much drama in this book, it doesn’t end yet. When the Soviet invades Afghanistan, Amir’s family flees to another country, unaware that they lose most of their wealth. For the first time they get a taste of how it is to be poor. Later in the book Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan and returns to Afghanistan. He finds out about Hassan’s son Sohrab, and is determined to bring him back home to America. Before he could save Sohrab, he had to face Assef. Getting beaten by Assef and saving Sohrab could be seen as a final way to redeem himself. This also made his guilt disappear. Themes and tones In this story, there are a lot of different themes we could discuss like example: bullying, friendship, guilt, betrayal, kite, honor, redemption, father and son relationship, man’s inhumanity to man, discrimination and loyalty. There is a lot of ethnic discrimination in Afghanistan and especially the conflict between the Pashtuns and the Hazara. The relationship between Pashtuns and Hazaras has never been stable; because Pashtuns are mostly Sunni Muslims and the Hazara are Shia Muslim. The Hazara has been discriminated mostly because of their faith, language and facial appearance. In the book Ali is loyal to Baba, because Baba’s father adopted Ali after his parents died. Since then Baba has always followed his father’s example and always been kind to the Hazara people. Guilt is also another theme that is brought up. After the rape of Hassan, Amir cannot bear to be around Hassan, because it reminds him of that day. He even lies to Ali, and says that nothing happened. The problem with Hassan is that he takes the blame for everything and he doesn’t want to hurt Amir. Even when Amir tells Hassan to hit him with the pomegranate, he refuses. When Hassan smashes the pomegranate on his own forehead, Amir’s guilt becomes even worse. In the end Amir makes Hassan and his father leave, and Hassan still considers Amir his best friend. The story is written in a way that it still affects you after your done reading. Even though it’s a dark story with a lot of hopelessness for the people in Afghanistan, there still is some hope and happiness. Honor is expressed in many different ways, but the quote â€Å"for you, a thousand times over† is a great example of how they express theirself. Conclusion The kite is a theme in the book that represents freedom, even though you’re not in fully in control of the kite’s fate. I think the theme describes the fate of Amir and how he develops throughout the book To me the story as said earlier is a historical novel, and not a fictional novel. This is because it’s based on a true story and experiences Hosseini had when he was growing up in Kabul. I as writer of this analysis is a Hazara, and I know what kind of suffering the Hazara people have went through. Sometimes I think that Hosseini might be Amir, but they sure do have some similarities. Links: * http://www. usatoday. com/life/books/news/2005-04-18-kite-runner_x. htm * http://www. gradesaver. com/the-kite-runner/study-guide/ * http://www. wikisummaries. org/The_Kite_Runner * http://polsci167. blogspot. com/2011/09/kite-runner-redemption-within-tentative. html

Brave New World :: essays research papers

Brave New World   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley is an excellent book. The story accurately depicts the variation between a fictitious â€Å"utopia† and our present world. His vivid descriptions of the events and rituals of the utopians make the story a very quick read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story starts out with a group of students learning about the way each member of the population is produced. The DHC explains how each person is predestined for a certain class and job and throughout the fetal growth time, you are conditioned to the environment that job entails. At certain points of their â€Å"assembly line† each embryo is exposed to heat or light to condition the body for certain environments. After birth, the babies are conditioned to like or dislike certain things like books or light. By doing this, the Utopians believe that they will have happy workers and prevent revolutions. The children are constantly exposed to messages that are imprinted in their mind. These messages are designed to have an impact on their thinking and are more mechanical than mental.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenina Crowne and Bernard Marx come into the picture after learning how things work. They both work at the hatchery and have been dating, but she starts dating Bernard Marx instead. Bernard is a deformed but highly intelligent man who takes Lenina to a savage restoration. At the reservation, they meet John and his mother Linda, whom was the girlfriend of the DHC and John is his son. Lenina and Bernard take, with permission, Linda and John out of the reservation. Bernard and a friend introduce John to the new world. Lenina tries to make advances toward John but his savage attitude doesn’t allow it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The downfall of John begins with the death of his mother in the new world. John goes crazy and tries to induce a revolution among the utopians that work at the hospital. He leaves to escape his nightmare, but cannot avoid the people. The Utopians drive him to suicide, which was his only option to escape the new society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most scientifically interesting parts of the book is the description of the Bokanovsky process. The process allows one egg to multiply into 96 other eggs. This is the basis for a society like this one.

Ergonomics And The Workplace Health And Social Care Essay

The pattern of safety in workplace has seen unbelievable progresss as clip has gone, due to advancement in engineering, although there is still considerable sum of challenges that comes in signifier of hurts and unwellnesss ( Hopwood and Thompson, 2006 ) . This is where biotechnologies comes to play a function in doing the workplace safe for activities that would be carried out by the employee. Biotechnologies draws on many subjects in its survey of worlds and their environments, including anthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical technology, industrial technology, industrial design, kinesiology, physiology and psychological science ( Wikipedia, 2010 ) . Unsafe, unhealthy, uncomfortable or inefficient state of affairss at work or in mundane life are avoided by taking history of the physical and physiological capablenesss and restrictions of worlds ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . Human wellness and safety is at optimal scope when the workplace environmental parametric quantities are suited for the employee ( Story, 2010 ) . Each twelvemonth, ill designed merchandises and workplaces account for 1000s of hurts and skyrocketing costs. That is why biotechnologies the human factor in merchandise and workplace design is fast going a major concern of makers ( Gross, 1995 ) . This study is about how is about using and proper preparation on the usage of biotechnologies to mundane workplace can forestall life endangering unwellnesss, uncomfortableness, accidents, and how employers can salvage money by cut downing costs related to issues like workers ‘ compensation, absenteeism and bend over, as it makes operations more efficient by making work topographic point designs with fewer mistakes and better on workplace user friendliness ( MacLeod, 1995 ) , with the end of cut downing musculoskeletal uncomfortableness, addition work productiveness, efficiency and comfort, as an employee who is more comfy is more productive ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . 1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to cognize what biotechnologies is all approximately and how it can be incorporated into the wellness and safety sector. The aims of this study are ; Reduce hazards factors associated with ill designed work Stationss and, To plan a workplace that is suited for the human organic structure instead than the human organic structure accommodating to workplace. To be able to place, step, control and supervise the occupational wellness hazards/agents in the workplace which may do ill-health to employees. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 WHAT IS ERGONOMICS? Biotechnologies is the scientific discipline of suiting workplace conditions and occupation demands to the capablenesss of the working population, it tends to look into work related jobs that poses a hazard of musculoskeletal upsets and ways of relieving them ( Cohen et al, 1997 ) . It is besides the applied scientific discipline that is devoted to supply comfort, efficiency and safety into the design of points in the work topographic point ( Shelly and Vermaat, 2010 ) , ergonomic intercession can profit both employer and employee ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . The International Ergonomics Association defines biotechnologies as follows: Biotechnologies ( or human factors ) is the scientific subject concerned with the apprehension of interactions among worlds and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, rules, informations and methods to plan in order to optimise human wellbeing and overall system public presentation. A big figure of factors play a function in biotechnologies ; these include organic structure position and motion, environmental factors, information and operation every bit good as work organisation. Biotechnologies differs from other Fieldss by its interdisciplinary attack and applied nature ( Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993 ) . The benefits of biotechnologies include occupation satisfaction and enhanced worker motive, added problem-solving capablenesss, and greater credence of alteration. Involving staffs can assist to place occupation jeopardies, suggest ways to command these jeopardies and working with direction in make up one's minding how to set this control in topographic point. 2.2 WHO IS AN ERGONOMIST? An Ergonomist is one who has equal cognition of the relation between worlds ‘ wellness and worlds ‘ public presentation ( Schlick, 2009 ) taking into consideration the occupation, equipment used and information used ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergonomics ) . Harmonizing to Dul and Weerdmeester, 1993, the professional ergonomists can work for the governments ( statute law ) , developing establishments ( universities and colleges ) , research constitutions, the service industry ( consultancy ) and production sector ( occupational wellness services, forces sections, design sections, research sections, etc. ) , they besides wrote that the ergonomist highlights the countries where ergonomic cognition is indispensable, provides ergonomic guidelines and advises interior decorators, buyers, direction and employees, on which are more acceptable systems. 2.3 HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS: Science of Ergonomics dates back to 1717, when Bernadino Ramazzini, male parent of occupational medical specialty, speculated on factors within the work environment that contributed to his patients ‘ unwellnesss, he described violent and irregular gestures, dead set position and tonic strain on the musculus as factors that contributed to musculoskeletal strivings in his patients ( Meriano and Latella, 2008 ) . However, in the United Kingdom, biotechnologies started in 1917 in World War I when the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and the Medical Research Council were asked to look into industrial conditions, peculiarly of weaponries workers, this led to the constitution of Industrial Fatigue Research Board who performed research on above subject in 1929 because of the expanded range of work ( hours of work, preparation, accidents, illuming and airing, and design of the machinery. In 1949, the Ergonomics Research Society was established at a meeting held by a little group of research workers at the Admiralty ; this made the society the earliest to be formed in the universe ( Meister, 1999 ) . 2.4 LEGAL CONTROL OF ERGONOMICS: The jurisprudence serves as a critical map in complex societal scene as it provides criterions or guidelines that define unacceptable and acceptable human behavior. A breach in this jurisprudence can be considered misdemeanor of the jurisprudence and the transgressor could confront civil or condemnable punishments the legal system of every governmental legal power and at every degree of organized society must invariably accommodate to altering demands, so at that place has and will be a go oning gush of commanding Torahs. It is for this ground that the legal system is based on constructs of human mistakes. Liability bar or extenuation is the turning away of mistake by probe, analysis, rating, hazard appraisal, disciplinary action, and preventative redresss. The chance of a scientist or applied scientist holding contact with jurisprudence is high, it is wise to go familiar with the country of web ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) , as there are a myriad of functions that can be played in province or federal common jurisprudence actions, workers ‘ compensation instances, allegations of statutory misdemeanors, arbitrations or mediations, authorities bureau hearings, or commendations affecting Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) ( Vinal, 1999 ) . Harmonizing to Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974, which is statute law, it states that ; it is the responsibility of the employer to transport out a hazard appraisal in the work topographic point. Failure to this is regarded as a breach in the jurisprudence and has its effects. 2.5 METHODS OF UNDERTAKING ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT The cardinal end of human-centered technology is to fit human features such as organic structure size, strengths and failings, and capablenesss and penchants with the relevant properties of equipment, undertakings, and process ( Kroemer, 2006 ) . The different methods used in the appraisal of biotechnologies include ; I Physical methods II Psycho physiological methods III Behavioural and Cognitive Methods IV Team methods V Environmental methods VI Macroergonomics methods ( Stanton et al. , 2005 ) All these methods make usage of the following techniques listed below ; Measurement squads Anthropometric techniques Measuring energetic capablenesss Measuring musculus strength Measuring mental work load Measuring vision capablenesss Systematic assemblage of information The ideal field appraisal tools used should possess the undermentioned properties ; Predictive: the tool should supply prognostic step of hazard of musculoskeletal hurt, Robust: can be used in any work state of affairs, Cheap: tool can be available at minimum pecuniary cost, Non-invasive: should non impact when worker performs or procedure work flow, Quick: appraisal could be performed rapidly, Easy to utilize: tool could be used with minimum preparation, ( Marras and Karwowski, 2006 ) . 3.0 METHODOLOGY 3.1 INTEGRATED ERGONOMICS ASSESSMENT FOR THE WORK STATION For the intent of this appraisal to be done, several protocols would hold to be met. The first thing that would be done is to acquire a work station that can be used to transport out an ergonomics appraisal, and the Help Desk in the Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) has been selected. A proposed meeting was set up with the Manager of the LRC to acquire permission to transport out the appraisal, the director approved of this and forwarded necessary messages to the supervisors in the LRC who helped in finishing the undertaking. A confidentiality questionnaire was handed to one of the supervisors, which was filled and returned and would be used as a point of mention in the consequences. Using anthropometric method of ergonomic hazard appraisal, measuring of the work station would be taken utilizing a measurement tape and images snapped for farther grounds of the work station for biotechnologies assessment. Ergonomics appraisal on the work station would be done on the footing of the under taking carried out. The undertaking carried out in the Help Desk in the LRC involves assisting pupils use the computing machine systems to turn up books in the library and assisting to set up books in shelves. For this ground, there is the demand to jump between sitting down and standing. Below is a chart that shows a program on how the work would be carried out. Observation Hazard Identification Biotechnologies Assessment Evaluation Hazard Validation Control and proctor Reappraisal Chart 1: Flow Plan on the methodological analysis of the ergonomic appraisal. 4.0 RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATION The peculiar work station selected for this biotechnology was carefully observed for the different undertaking carried out to see if there is any job associated with the work topographic point. Anthropometric technique was used to transport out this work by acquiring measurings of the work topographic point. 4.1 Observation: The aid desk offered aid in transporting out this work after permission was granted by the Manager of the LRC. Looking carefully at the manner work was done and inquiring inquiries from the staff being monitored were put into consideration, besides exposure were taken to besides acquire a clear image of how the employee carries out the undertaking. Fig 1: A Staff transporting out her responsibilities on a Ocular Display Unit. 4.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION: jeopardy designation was obtained chiefly by inquiring inquiries from the employee on the work station, doing usage of a questionnaire and sing the work station for possible activities that may do wellness upset ( s ) and affect the employee. Health and Safety at Work ( HASAW ) Act 1974 demands that the employer should do certain that employers carry out a hazard appraisal in the work environment to guarantee safety of staffs. See consequence in table 1 below. Table 1: Hazard Identification on the aid desk.HazardHazard facetImpact/ EffectPosition Hunched position ( ensuing from weariness and long hours of working ) Stiffness of the dorsum, cervix, and carpus from working excessively long on the Visual Display Unit Assortment of wellness jobs, like caved shoulders, muscular instabilities, rounding of the upper dorsum and a inclination to tilt frontward while walking. Incidence of lower dorsum upsets. Motion Distortion of the waist, cervix, stretching the manus and retention in that place for a long clip ( striving musculuss in the manus ) Pain and strain on cervix musculuss and waist. Stress on musculuss of the weaponries while stretching causes weariness of the arm musculus. Ocular Display Unit ( VDU ) , keyboard and mouse. Fixed place of the cervix when staring at the VDU, and emphasis on fingers from excessively much typewriting, writhing and flexing of the carpus when managing the mouse. Makes the employee aware of some oculus defects that he/she was non cognizant of. Striving of the weaponries to make the mouse and distortion of the carpus to acquire to the keyboard and catching the mouse. 4.3 ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT: Biotechnologies appraisal on the work station showed that the design of the station has a moderate mark as it accommodates the employee and has a low hazard degree. Below is a tabular array of the entire ergonomic hazard factor and how it was derived. Table 2: Ergonomic Work Position Evaluation. Assessed by: Igho Date:14/12/2010 Ergonomic Evaluation Risk Factor Static Points Comments/Action Work Positions ( Siting ) 0 platinums 2 platinums 4 platinums v if 20 secs + X 3 if inactive Neck ( Flexion ) flexing caput frontwardvv6 Moderate Shoulders ( Raising cubituss )vv6 Moderate Wrists/Handsvv6 Moderate Back ( flexure ) flexing frontward at the hipsvv12 High Hiking Shouldersvv0 Low Writhing ( falsely with pess stationary )vv0 Low Table 3: Undertaking factor Evaluation Undertaking Factors Points Awarded Muscle force Low v Moderate High 0 Vibration Low v Moderate High 0 Lighting Good v Fair Poor 0 Workplace Temperature Comfortable v Warm/Cool Hot/Cold 0 Table 4: Hazard Factor sum on the work station. Risk Factor entire Risk Factor Points Total Comments/Action 0 platinums 2 platinums 4pts Work Positions 0 – 7 8 – 15 16 pts+ = 4 High ( 8-12 ) Undertaking factors 0 – 8 9 – 15 16 pts+ = 0 = 4 Moderate ( 4 – 7 ) Raising 0 – 7 8 – 13 14 pts+ = 0 Low ( 0 – 3 ) Table 5: Key Descriptor Scale Form Consequence Control 0-3 Low Little or no ailments of musculus achings and strivings Taking of short clip interruptions 4-7 Moderate Stress and weariness on musculuss which is tolerable Choice of an employee to supervise how undertakings are being carried out 8-12 High Work Musculoskeletal upset, inactive burden on musculuss leads to painful weariness on musculuss Decrease of work that can do musculoskeletal upset and preparation of staffs to go more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to musculoskeletal upsets. Below is a study on the work station used in the LRC, measured in centimeter. 48cm 24cm 96cm 48cm 72cm Floor Fig 1: Sketch and measuring of the work station. The study above can be compared to the British criterion dimension to cognize if the mensural work station meets up with the criterion. Table 6: Work topographic point measuring compared with British Standard Dimension Measured Work Station British Standard Dimension ( 5th – 95th Percentile ( assorted Population 19 – 65 year ) Popliteal tallness 48cm 44cm Thigh Clearance 23cm Table Height ( Popliteal height + Siting Elbow tallness ) 72cm 68.5cm Siting Shoulder Height Position 57cm 59cm Back remainder 48cm Hazard VALIDATION Based on the production of a well ergonomically equipped work station, a good control and reappraisal of the work station, and everything put in order, information and preparation of employees there may still be a job that can present as a menace to the work topographic point. This can be seen in workers habit ; sitting frontward on the chair, sitting in the center of the chair, tilting on arm remainder and back remainder, weaponries resting on the tabular array are some illustrations of employees habit, and this can ensue in intervertebral phonograph record hurts and back jobs as the musculuss of the dorsum are easy stressed. CONTROL AND MONITORING To command occupational wellness and safety hazards, betterment of public presentation and benefits in work topographic points in order to extinguish or minimise hazard to employees and other interested parties exposed to hazards associated with its activities, it is necessary to implement, keep and continually better occupational wellness and safety in the work topographic point. The followers can be used to command and supervise ongoing activities and undertakings in the work topographic point ; Avoid Unnatural Position: flexing the trunk/head sideways is more harmful than flexing forward The on the job country should be located so that it is at the best distance from the eyes of the operator. Hand clasp, stuffs and tools should be arranged in such a manner that the most frequent motions are carried out with the cubituss set and near to the organic structure. Manipulations can be made easier by utilizing supports under the cubituss, forearms or custodies. Padded/soft warm stuffs that can be adjustable to suite people of different sizes. It is indispensable that the workplace should be suited to the organic structure size and mobility of the operator/employee, since neutral/natural positions and motions are a necessary portion of efficient work. Neck and caput position: caput and cervix should non be dead set frontward by more than 30 grades when the bole is vertical, else weariness and problems may happen. 4.6 Reappraisal Having seen that ergonomically, the work station is tolerable, and staffs have been informed on how to place themselves whilst working, there is need to reexamine work pattern every three months to guarantee and implement that the manner of working is still in topographic point to avoid hurts that may hold built up with clip. 4.7 Recommendation After mensurating the work station and comparing with the British criterion measuring, it is recommended that the chair ( adjustable ) should be adjusted to suit the user so as to acquire the comfortability needed in order non to emphasize and strive musculuss in the dorsum and pess. The mouse and Visual display unit should be ergonomically put in topographic point to the comfort of the operator, to cut down tenseness and strain to the eyes, custodies and carpus Biotechnology POLICY AND CONCLUSION 5.1 ERGONOMICS Policy: The intent of this policy is to endeavor staffs to adhere to guidelines in the work topographic point with the purpose of guaranting a safe working environment every bit good as to convey wellness jeopardy to a lower limit. It is the direction ‘s duty to transport out responsibilities under the Health and Safety at work Act 1974 and other statute law including amendments to guarantee safe working patterns and work environment. For this ground, the aid desk shall stay to the undermentioned guidelines ; Biotechnologies attempts shall be embedded, maintained and preserved on the aid desk in Learning Resource Centre ( LRC ) to guarantee a safe and healthy work topographic point environment for employees. Cooperation of work force in doing certain that ergonomic betterment is realised. ( Joint attempt of directors, supervisors, employees and other back uping staffs ) Appellation of station to a responsible employee to look into that workers are good positioned, to forestall Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the work station. Training of staffs to be more cognizant of ergonomic hazard factors related to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders. Informing staffs about biotechnologies and its hazard factors can assist to cut down cost of intervention of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders, as the budgeted cost can be used as employees ‘ benefits. This policy would be implemented and reviewed three times a twelvemonth to guarantee that the wellness conditions of the employees are in order, to cut down money spent on handling employees for work related musculoskeletal upsets. This policy would be handed to each staff through information and preparations and in written signifier. 5.2 Decision After a thorough ergonomic scrutiny of the aid desk in the LRC, and measuring the working environment, proper biotechnologies rating was done and command steps put in Topographic point every bit good as a policy for the safety and wellness of the employees so as to cut down opportunities of the hazard of holding a staff complain about a work related musculoskeletal upset. Control measures used after ergonomic appraisal and hazard proof was carried out is to assist in cut downing the opportunities of acquiring a work related musculoskeletal upset and cost of intervention from hurts sustained ( if any at all, sing the tolerable sum derived from the rating and opportunities of any hurt sustained, this is as a consequence of proper preparation of the staffs ) .